The Elk Island National Park - 1533 Words

Among the thirty eight National Parks and eight National Reserves, the Elk Island National Park holds a unique purpose and holds an effect to Canadian history and reserving the elk sp All national parks are responsible for saving and protecting the lives of many species. Although, Elk Island National Park holds assets that other national parks do not have. They focus on safety, the natural way of life and protection for the animals that inhabit the park. Among the thirty eight National Parks and eight National Reserves, the Elk Island National Park hold a unique purpose and holds an effect to Canadian history and reserving the elk species amongst other rescued and endangered animals In 1906, the park was started by five local men who†¦show more content†¦Habitat destruction is one of the most common cause of extinction. The National park became a refuge for many endangered species. On April 1987, an idea was introduced to Canada’s National Wood Bison Recovery Team to initiate a wood bison population in Sakha. The resumption of a large herbivore population, such as the wood bison, aids in enhancing the diversity in the region. â€Å"Over the next century, thousands of healthy bison were sent to regions with struggling populations to help restore the species from endangerment† (http://yourcanada.ca, 2011). Elk Island National Park has been the most persuasive corporation in inaugurating bison in the United States, not just Western Canada. They have contributed to growing bison herds all over the world. In 2007, the park reached it’s successful century of protecting and saving species- making Elk Island National Park the leading park in the preservation of saving the bison species. The park has really become a cornerstone in the protection and growth of endangered species. Although the Elk Island National Park is Canada’s seventh smallest national park, they do not lack of safety and protection. They are the only national park in Canada that is completely surrounded by a fence. There are intensive resource management techniques used to maintain and enhance the park due to the fence- which also helps the hoofed mammals to stay clean and away from any disease. â€Å"We have a healthy stock here that couldShow MoreRelatedNational Parks And The National Park1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Park Service is one of the most widely recognized American foundations. There are over 58 National Parks in the United States. Among some of the more famous are The Grand Canyon National Park, Yosemite National Park, and Glacier National Park. During the World Conference for National Parks, John F. Kennedy said these famous words about our National Parks, â€Å"National parks and reserves are an integral aspect of intelligent use of natural resources. It is the course of wisdom to set asideRead MoreWhy Should We Protect Non Resources?1302 Words   |  6 Pagesnative range (National Wildlife Federation). In 1995, Canis lupus was reintroduced in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and its numbers have been improving ever since. While the increase in numbers of the wolf is an obvious effect of protecting a non-resource species, the reintroduction of the wolf has created a cascade of ecosystem-wide impacts (Farquhar, 2015). Ever since its reintroduction, Canis lupus has controlled the population of the elk herds found within Yellowstone National Park through predationRead MoreYellowstone Park : The World s First Established National Park1849 Words   |  8 PagesYellowstone Park was the world’s first established National Park in 1872, and as such was important for demonstrating the value of protected areas to preserve the rich biodiversity of â€Å"wild† areas. Protection meant that no one could lawfully settle here from this time forward and no one was allowed to extract minerals, timber and eventually even hunt in this area that covered 2 million acres. In 1916 the US Nation al Park Service created the Organic Act of 1916 that stated the national parks must beRead MoreLilybank Lodge724 Words   |  3 PagesLilybank Lodge 　 Nestled in the high country of New Zealands South Island is a getaway adventure playground aimed unashamedly ac the worlds very wealthy. Presidents, playboys, and other such globe-trotters are the prime targets of this fledgling tourism business developed by Lilybank Lodge. The lodge offers this exclusive niche the opportunity of a secluded holiday in a little-known paradise. Guests, commonly under public scrutiny in their everyday lives, can escape such pressures at a huntingRead MoreHow Does Oil Affect Our Lives Depend On Oil1689 Words   |  7 Pageswrote in his book Tempest Over Teapot Dome: The Story of Albert B. Fall, â€Å"As the first major conflict featuring oil-fueled machinery, the war demonstrated the importance of reliable petroleum resources to support an industrial system, whether for national defense or postwar prosperity.† The Government and the Navy soon began to think about the dooming possibility of one day running out of oil during a war which would put a sudden halt to naval capabilities. The government allowed the Navy to acquireRead MoreCanada s Have 47 Locations Of National Parks1950 Words   |  8 PagesCanada’s have 47 locations of national parks. The mostly Canada’s national parks are popular for mountains, ice and beautiful sceneries. ‘Banff National Park’ one of the popular national park in Canada, which located in Alberta. It is famous for coloured lake, mountain, outside adventure and beautiful sceneries. This park located in Canadian Rocky Mountains. (National Parks List, 2008) This park provide variety of visitor experience. There are so many tourist activities available for visitors likeRead MoreThe Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfestival include critically acclaimed singer-songwriter Thomas Rhett and seventeen-year-old Daniel Bradburry, winner of season 4 of NBC’s The Voice. Tickets are $25 in advance and $30 at the gate Gates open at 4:00 p.m. The show begins with the National Anthem at 7:00 p.m. Food and drink vendors available onsite Children aged 10 and under admitted free to the concert Bring your own seating No outside food or drink allowed Waters stations will be available 5.4.7 Arts Center This centerRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My Wedding1418 Words   |  6 Pageslife decorating it with timeless treasures that I lovingly collected at flea markets and antique shops. Once I transformed our house into a home, and the season turned into spring, we embarked on a ten day sailing vacation in the British Virgin Islands. Vince chartered a 45ft. sailboat and we set off into the sunset. After a morning sail, we anchored in a different secluded bay or idyllic harbor to swim and snorkel with exotic fish among the coral reefs until a rosy-hued sky turn pink and goldRead MoreLooking Back To 17 Years Ago : Looking Back To 19 Years Forward1704 Words   |  7 Pagesthird train was empty, but the death toll of the crash was 35 people. Hundreds of civilians were injured. The British Rail stated that the accident was caused by poor signalling failures. Yellowstone National Park dealt with many fires in the summer of 1988, which are known as the 1988 Fires. Park managers were following the policy to let naturally caused fires burn until the 15th of July. After the 15th the managers started to suppress all fires; over 25,000 people fight the fires. The moistureRead MoreEssay about Physical Geography Of Saskatchewan1804 Words   |  8 PagesNewcomers to the prairies described the Cypress Hills as an island of forest in a sea of grass.National ParkA National Park is an area of area where wilderness is preserved. The most famous Saskatchewan national park is Prince Albert National Park which 3875 km2 in area. Its a region of aspen parkland and boreal forest. It was established as a national park in 1927. Being a preserved and protected area, the park is very rich in wildlife including elk, caribou, moose, deer, lynx, otter, and plains bison

Child Soldiers are Abused and Deprived of Human Rights Essay

Today, an estimated three hundred thousand children under age eighteen are participating in armed conflicts worldwide. Thousands more face recruitment or are members of armed forces and groups not presently at war.(McManimon) The life of a child soldier is filled with terror, violence, horrible living conditions, lack of proper sanitization and poor nutrition. Though being a soldier at first may seem like the child’s â€Å"escape† from the poverty they live in because of the promises that are made to them, most children are brought into situations that are often worse then what they were already living in. The children involved in these situations lose their basic human rights, are abused emotionally and physically, and are treated like slaves†¦show more content†¦Though the issues of child soldiers is stepping into the spot light these days and is being exposed to the world at a higher rate, armies using children can be dated back to the second world war. Chil d soldiers are not a new development in our societies they are something that have been around for years. Children commonly start out in support positions, acting as porters, cooks, spies, or sexual slaves. Often, though, these children end up on the front lines of combat.(McManimon) Child soldiers are frequently subject to extreme abuse and manipulation during training and combat, and generally suffer higher casualty rates than adults. (McManimon) In Uganda, girls who are abducted by the Lords Resistance Army are married off to rebel leaders. If the man dies, the girl is put aside for ritual cleansing and then married off to another rebel.(Isenberg) These children are also sometimes high off of drugs that are fed to them from their assessors. Once children have become soldiers the difficulties for them to get out of the power of their group leader is astronomical. Most children accept the life of being a child soldier because of the drugs they are on, the lies they are told, the fe ar that they have that they might die and also because their self-esteem is so low that they believe that no one will accept them for that they have done. Children who manage to escape are in constant fear that their leaders will come afterShow MoreRelatedWhats going on in india?1397 Words   |  6 PagesMost of us dont understand what it is like to have our basic human rights violated. Nor will many of us every really understand. In India, their citizens are suffering from many different types of violations. For instance, people are being tortured. Women are being raped and single handedly being deprived of their rights. Many women are being kidnapped, raped, tortured and some even end up being killed. Its very eye opening when you find out about these types of things because we never hear aboutRead MoreChild Soldiers Long and Short Term Effects4806 Words   |  20 Pages* Child soldiers gt; * Some facts gt; * Why children join gt; * Voices of young soldiers gt; * Dev elopments gt; * International Standards gt; * DDR gt; * Committee on the Rights of the Child gt; * Government armed forces gt; * Armed groups gt; * Frequently asked questions gt; | Search Site Search Bottom of Form * Site Map Personal tools    Navigation * Child Soldiers * Children in Palestine * Rwandan SOS Child who became Child Soldier Read MoreJuvenile Justice in Nepal4049 Words   |  17 Pagesfamily court, however, but juvenile court does not have jurisdiction in cases in which minors are charged as adults. Where parental neglect or loss of control is a problem, the juvenile court may seek out foster homes for the juvenile, treating the child as a ward of the court. The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act defines juvenile delinquency (any act that is otherwise a crime, but is committed by someone less than 18 years of age) and sets forth rules by which state laws must comply with regard toRead More Human Rights Violations Against Children Essay3543 Words   |  15 PagesAs human beings, children are entitled to all the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the various treaties that have developed from it. But children also need special protection and care. They must be able to depend on the adult world to take care of them, to defend their rights and to help them to develop and realize their potential. Yet, violence against children is endemic: each day, terrible abuses and acts of violence against children are committed worldwideRead MoreHuman Rights Violation in the Philippines3872 Words   |  16 PagesHuman Rights Violation in the Philippines â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.† Human rights describe equal rights and freedom for everybody by the fact of being human and without distinction of any kind of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions. However, many people have always suffered from the lack of them throughout history. In factRead MoreThe Immigration Policies Of Uae1974 Words   |  8 Pagesany kind for the immigrant workers, domestic or otherwise. The government of UAE cannot hold preservation of national identity and cultural values to be more important than the rights of the immigrants. In their quest for cheap labor and large profit margins, the UAE government is violating human rights and social rights. United Arab Emirates immigration policies are not only unfair to the immigrants but to the local Emiratis as well. Their policies for granting citizenship to children born inRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Young Slave Girl Essay1820 Words   |  8 Pagessexually abused by her master and was in bondage for seven years before escaped to her freedom. Brent stated, â€Å"The poor mother turned away, sobbing. Her dying daughter called her, feebly, and as she bent over her, I heard her say, don’t grieve so, mother; God knows all about it; and He will have mercy upon me (Brent). Linda the main character witnessed a young slave girl agony during child birth. The mistress was happy for the situation of the young slave girl because she was in agony during child birthRead MoreThe Situation of Filipino Children and Young People3366 Words   |  14 Pageshalf of the population in the Philippines are children. With a fast population growth a year, the government has a difficult task in prov iding children with enough resources to ensure their rights. For many adults and children, a 15-year-old who bears a child willingly or unwillingly ceases to be a girl-child but a young mother. An 11-year-old who takes on the task of tilling the ï ¬ elds ceases to be a boy but a labouring farmhand. A 16-year-old who spends most of his time at a wage-factory ceasesRead MoreA Moral Evaluation of Child Labor in the Philippines in the Perspective of Immanuel Kant4746 Words   |  19 PagesEvaluation of Child Labor in the Philippines in the Perspective of Immanuel Kant’s Second Formulation of Categorical Imperative- Formula of End Itself Introduction Children are the prime movers of the country. They are very much endowed with so much potentialities in which may contribute for the betterment of the many. They are indeed really important in everybody’s life not only of their own family but also of their fellow human persons. Every person including the child must be respectedRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The Second Fastest Increasing Criminal Industry Essay4415 Words   |  18 PagesHUMAN TRAFFICKING Human Trafficking is the second fastest increasing criminal industry today, after the illegal drug industry, and is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery†. The international, legal definition of human trafficking is ‘using someone by force or deception for the purpose of exploiting them for economic or personal gain.’ (From prescha.org)

My Transition from Childhood to Adulthood Essay Example For Students

My Transition from Childhood to Adulthood Essay My sophomore year of High School was really the end of my childhood and the beginning of adulthood. Before Christmas break even started, both of my grandfathers had passed away. Two days before the start of school, my family received word that my dad’s grandfather had passed away. We were told he had passed away in his sleep the night before, very quietly and peacefully. This was certainly not a surprise for us, He had had cancer for almost two full years before freely deciding to stop chemotherapy. We saw it coming, but it was still very painful. The funeral service was that week, so I missed my first four days of school and started school a week late. My grandfather on my dads side was someone I looked up to, and aspired to be like because of his fantastic positive attitude, strong spirit and bold personality. Even though he lived in Ohio, and I lived in Connecticut, I felt very close to him and had always wished to spend more time with him. The fact that I didn’t left a mark on me and still bothers me to this day. Fast forward to December 10th, same year, my mom’s father was hospitalized for an illness the doctors could not identify, but was obviously extremely serious. Three days later, we find out he has a very aggressive and serious case of cancer in his liver, a kind they had only seen once before. During his two short weeks of hospitalization, his condition plummeted extremely rapidly. It got to the point that my brother and I were taken out of school early and told we had to go pack for three days and drive up to Albany New York where my grandfather’s hospital was. Out of all his grandchildren, only two were brave enough to go and say our final respects to him, which was me and my cousin Luke. All the grandkids were given the option of not going because even our parents were having a tough time keeping their composure. Then, on December 17, exactly one week before Christmas Eve, he passed away surrounded by family and the sounds of Frank Sinatra, his favorite singer. My mothers father was also another person who I greatly admired and looked up to, but in a different way. He was also a strong spirited man and a very hard worker, but he was more laid back and relaxed than pretty much anyone Ive ever met. Both of these events were packed into a five month period, in what felt like a rapid fire set up. My two grandfathers passing helped reinforce the notion of hard work paying off for years down the line, and helped to shape the type of student and person I am today. That lesson has helped to transition me from childhood into adulthood, and will continue to help me throughout the rest of my life.

Vitamin D Deficiency Research Proposal Essay Example

Vitamin D Deficiency Research Proposal Essay Vitamin D deficiency is the shortage of vitamin D in the human organism because of the insufficient food consumption and lack of the spending time outdoors. Vitamin D deficiency touches upon more than 1 billion people of Earth and can be called one of the most widespread problems. According to the survey in the USA the possibility of the deficiency of vitamin D among children older than 1 year is equal to 8%. About 24% are at the risk of the facing the diseases and other health problems which can occur because of the insufficient consumption of the food containing vitamin D. In spite of the great quantity of sunlight, such countries as India, Pakistan, Iran, China., etc have serious problems with the deficiency of vitamin D. According to the reports, more than 60% of people face the problem of shortage of the vitamin. When there is not enough of the vitamin D in the human organism, numerous diseases appear which are mainly related with the bone diseases. First of all it is rickets among the children whose mother in the state of pregnancy suffered from the shortage of sunlight and food containing vitamin D. If one consumes not enough of quality food, it can influence the density of bones and the disease called osteoporosis appears. It can occur not only among small children but among grownups who consume poor quality food and who have just changed the climate of living. Furthermore, the shortage of vitamin D affects the human liver, kidneys and cardiovascular system. We will write a custom essay sample on Vitamin D Deficiency Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vitamin D Deficiency Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vitamin D Deficiency Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Vitamin D deficiency is serious and widespread problem which is characterized with the bone diseases and other problems with health among the people who spend little time on the sunlight and consume not enough food rich in vitamin D. The student is able to research the problem on vitamin D deficiency in order to broaden his knowledge about the diseases which can occur because of the shortage of the vitamin and suggest his own approach towards the problem and its analysis. One is able to choose the most interesting and thought-provoking points related with vitamin D and suggest the most helpful methods for the research of the problem. The young professional can cope with the research proposal with the quality assistance of the Internet, because it is easy to find a free example research proposal on vitamin D deficiency prepared by the qualified writer. The student is able to pay attention to the free sample research proposal on vitamin D deficiency composed by the experienced writer and learn to analyze the problem efficiently and to construct the right logical structure of the text. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Vitamin D Deficiency topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol

History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol Santo Domingo, the  capital city of the Dominican Republic, is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the Americas, having been founded in 1498 by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher. The city has a long and fascinating history, having been victimized by pirates, overrun by slaves, re-named by a dictator and more. It is a city where history comes to life, and the Dominicans are justly proud of their status as the oldest European city in the Americas. Foundation of Santo Domingo Santo Domingo de Guzmn was actually the third settlement on Hispaniola. The first, Navidad, consisted of some 40 sailors who were left behind by Columbus on his first voyage when one of his ships sank. Navidad was wiped out by angry natives between the first and second voyages. When Columbus returned on his second voyage, he founded Isabela, near present-day Luperà ³n to the northwest of Santo Domingo. Conditions at Isabela were not optimal, so Bartholomew Columbus moved the settlers to present-day Santo Domingo in 1496, officially dedicating the city in 1498. Early Years and Importance The first colonial governor, Nicols de Ovando, arrived in Santo Domingo in 1502 and the city was officially the headquarters for the exploration and conquest of the New World. Spanish courts and bureaucratic offices were set up, and thousands of colonists passed through on their way to Spain’s newly discovered lands. Many of the important events of the early colonial era, such as the conquests of Cuba and Mexico, were planned in Santo Domingo. Piracy The city soon fell on hard times. With the conquest of the Aztecs and Inca complete, many of the new settlers preferred to go to Mexico or South America and the city stagnated. In January of 1586, notorious pirate Sir Francis Drake was able to easily capture the city with less than 700 men. Most of the inhabitants of the city had fled when they heard Drake was coming. Drake stayed for a month  until he had received a ransom of 25,000 ducats for the city, and when he left, he and his men carried off everything they could, including the church bells. Santo Domingo was a smoldering ruin by the time he left. The French and Haiti Hispaniola and Santo Domingo took a long time to recover from the pirate raid, and in the mid-1600s, France, taking advantage of the still-weakened Spanish defenses and looking for American colonies of its own, attacked and captured the western half of the island. They renamed it Haiti and brought in thousands of African slaves. The Spanish were powerless to stop them  and retreated to the eastern half of the island. In 1795 the Spanish were forced to cede the rest of the island, including Santo Domingo, to the French as a result of wars between France and Spain after the French Revolution. Haitian Domination and Independence The French did not own Santo Domingo for very long. In 1791, African slaves in Haiti revolted, and by 1804 had thrown the French out of the western half of Hispaniola. In 1822, Haitian forces attacked the eastern half of the island, including Santo Domingo, and captured it. It wasn’t until 1844 that a determined group of Dominicans were able to drive the Haitians back, and the Dominican Republic was free for the first time since Columbus first set foot there. Civil Wars and Skirmishes The Dominican Republic had growing pains as a nation. It constantly fought with Haiti, was reoccupied by the Spanish for four years (1861-1865), and went through a series of presidents. During this time, colonial-era structures, such as defensive walls, churches, and the Diego Columbus house, were neglected and fell into ruin. American involvement in the Dominican Republic increased greatly after the construction of the Panama Canal: it was feared that European powers could seize the canal using Hispaniola as a base. The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924. The Trujillo Era From 1930 to 1961 the Dominican Republic was ruled by a dictator, Rafael Trujillo. Trujillo was famous for self-aggrandizement, and renamed several places in the Dominican Republic after himself, including Santo Domingo. The name was changed back after his assassination in 1961. Santo Domingo Today Present day Santo Domingo has rediscovered its roots. The city is currently undergoing a tourism boom, and many colonial-era churches, fortifications, and buildings have recently been renovated. The colonial quarter is a great place to visit to see old architecture, see some sights and have a meal or a cold drink.

Chris Paul From CoSchedule

Customer Experience Is The New Brand W/ Chris Paul From How often do you think about customer experience? Marketers put tons of time and energy into creating a brand to communicate a value proposition that makes people feel a certain way about their company. But good marketers know that it’s not about brand, but brand perception developed through conversations and interactions with customers. Today, we’re talking to Chris Paul, head of customer experience at . He describes how different departments and employees at a company can work together to make sure they are on the same page when it comes to the company’s brand and adding value to customer experience. Learn about your brand from both customers and co-workers All products, services, and solutions evolve over time; so do customers’ needs and demands Consider product market fit and then pivot and make changes when necessary Dawn of a new era where customers are not afraid to tell you what they think Know customers’ experiences and expectations to create a  positive experience Help customers grow and be successful by orchestrating value and addressing their pain points/problems How to identify existing and future stakeholders Offer customers on-demand support via various channels, including social media Delegate and streamline support requests to effectively respond to customers Improve customer experience by aligning and collaborating with departments and teams, don’t silo them Links: Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes: â€Å"Product market fit will always, always change.† Chris Paul â€Å"People don’t trust brands anymore. They trust their peers or customers or reviews.† Eric Piela â€Å"What’s the experience the customer is expecting?† Chris Paul The customer is dictating the channel theyd like to communicate with and so were absolutely fine by that. Chris Paul

The Legacy of Felix Houphouet-Boigny - Cote d'Ivoire Essay

The Legacy of Felix Houphouet-Boigny - Cote d'Ivoire - Essay Example This effect was so strong, that during Houphouet-Boigny’s reign, Cote d’Ivoire was perceived as a model state and one to be aspired to. Consequently, on Houphouet-Boigny’s death, he left a significant legacy in his country. Since Houphouet-Boigny died, the sovereign state has been subject to significant inner conflict which cumulated in a civil war and high tensions across the country. Currently, with a democratically elected president of Cote d’Ivoire, there is a chance that the legacy of Houphouet-Boigny will be realized and the country may return to stability and economic prosperity. Houphouet-Boigny Cote d’Ivoire is a highly diverse state, containing more than 60 different ethnic groups. The varied nature of this population makes peace difficult, and the effectiveness of political power has varied depending on the political leader (Cocodia, 2008). This diversity is prevalent throughout the African nations and is thought to be one of the key fact ors. Currently, there are approximately 20.2 million people living in Cote d’Ivoire (BBC News, 2011). The main ethnic groups in the region are Akan, which comprise 42.1% of the population, Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northen Mandes (16.5%) and Krous (11.5%). A number of small ethnic groups also exist. Religion is also highly varied, with 38.6% of the population being Muslim, 32.8% Christian, 11.9% Indigenous and 16.7% none. This distribution is confounded by the fact that approximately 70% of migratory workers are Muslim and 30% are Christian (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). These factors show the significant challenges that Houphouet-Boigny faced in the creation of a unified country. Additionally, they show the ease in which the country could fall back into tension and conflict. Each ethnic or religious group has different perceptions about many things, such as politics and rights. Consequently, if a president aligns himself with a particular group, he may anger two or th ree others. This makes the creation of a representative and unifying government difficult. Felix Houphouet-Boigny achieved peace and unity in his country through two means. The first of these was the redistribution of wealth away from ethnic groups that were traditionally rich to those that were poor. This was a crucial move as it not only helped to stabilize the state’s economy, but it also assisted Houphouet-Boigny to become recognized as a fair leader as his own ethnic group was one that he shifted funds away from. Furthermore, this aided to provide strong ethnic stabilization as no group was treated as superior to another. Secondly, Houphouet-Boigny worked to maintain peace through sharing and redistributing power (Tangeras & Lagerlof, 2009). While he was in power, Houphouet-Boigny maintained a strong conscious focus over politics and the distribution of power among ethnic groups. In doing this, he was able to avoid the buildup of tensions within the nation (Cocodia, 2008 ). Through these actions, Houphouet-Boigny was able to create a government that most people supported. As president, Houphouet-Boigny maintained strong authority, significantly grew the economy of Cote d’Ivoire and gained respect from his people by running a highly representative government (Cocodia, 2008). Despite the fact that both Houphouet-Boigny and his

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the Essay

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the paramount one for the United States today - Essay Example We have removed the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat and We have removed Saddam Hussein in Iraq, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat† (Showdown with Iran). According to reports the Iran has on many occasion tried to reach out to U.S to find a solution to the exiting problems of military power, terrorism and U.S interference in Middle East. The prominent one was the fax received in Washington after the U.S victory over Iraq in 2003, the fax described various way to make a peace treaty between U.S and Iran, but the fax was neglected and no initiative was taken from the U.S government. The recent developments in Iran with regard to its work in the area of nuclear weapons, firstly the Iran’s new arrangements near to the city of qom in Iran to accomplish its need for higher amounts of uranium has the raised concerns around the globe. Secondly Iran’s plan to build nuclear weapon supported with missile has put the Obama administration in great dilemma. The Iran has not responded well to the steps taken by USA to hold talks regarding these matters. USA has then come forward and said that irresponsible actions of Iran in relation to nuclear weapon development is leading International community to charge a hike in costs to the Iran. â€Å"The Obama administration is now involved in a diplomatic campaign to further isolate Iran and apply pressure to encourage a change in the Iranian government’s behavior. The united states is urging a board of international approach on economic sanctions said the secretary of the state† (Kaufman). As per report s of International Atomic Energy agency (IAEA) in march 2010 Iranian government has denied to provide any information in regard to its work on nuclear development and at the same time has not obeyed the U.N security council’s statement on Iran to stop work on Uranium and heavy water related projects that will enhance the production of

History of Beer Essay Example for Free

History of Beer Essay Beer was probably discovered by accident, when some of the nomadic tribes of the Middle East decided to settle down to an agricultural life depending on the cultivation of grain. In times of plenty the excess might have been stored for a possible future period of failure. Due to the damp storage condition the grain might have sprouted and germinated in a desperate bid to salvage the crop they must have made porridge by boiling the sprouted grain with water. This must have released sugar into the liquid resulting in a sweet tasting porridge. This was probably left in open to cool allowing the natural yeast of the atmosphere to settle on the porridge forming alcohol or what was a crude wash. There is evidence that the brewing process was established in Babylon as early as 6000 B.C. The Egyptians improved upon this process, which was diffused along the trade routes by the Greeks the Romans. The Romans started brewing on a commercial basis to provide a substitute to wine. The term bear today covers all beer drinks such as ales, lagers stout. Beer gets it’s name from Anglo Saxon Word called â€Å"Beer† meaning â€Å"BARLEY†. Beer is the national alconolic beverage of Great Britain. Although the basic traditional method of brewing beer is still being used now the whole production process is controlled by the programme equipment so that each phase is carried out at the exact time required and can be corrected if necessary. By this centralised control, consistency of the brew from batch to batch is better.

An American Myth Exploded in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Essay

An American Myth Exploded in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman is a demonstration of the affliction with which America has been stricken. It is an affliction of false idealism, but also a birthing of the consumer. It is this consumer society which is the affliction, and the characters of this drama are unable to cure themselves of it. Willy Loman is the manifestation of the consumerism which is destroying society. He is the corporeal manifestation of this myth, and the American dream is the myth itself. This myth can be broken down into several parts itself. First is the belief that situations, commodities, etc. improve with time, which is a technological misconception. Second is the understanding that hard work is necessary to bring about this sort of improvement. And third, the coming together of these amounts to the belief that commodities brought about by hard work will help in the betterment of our lives, and that this never ending accumulation of wealth will generate a truly happy life. From the beginning it is made clear that Willy lives in anything but the present. He is either flashing back to the past and how good things once were, or he is looking towards the future and deluding himself in how good things will someday be. This is an example of how Willy embodies the first part of the American myth, being the belief that things will always continue to get better. Linda says repeatedly of Willy â€Å"how sweet he was as soon as you talked hopefully,† to Biff (48). Her noticing of how hope is a recurring theme, like a narcotic for Willy, which always raises his spirits, is demonstrative of how Willy fits into the American myth. When Biff and Happy proclaim that they wil... ...the increasing improvement of technologies and our continuing efforts to work towards accumulating those commodities will be rewarded in a completely affluent, and therefore happy, state of being. The misunderstanding of our situation as being always increasingly good on account of making our material lives bigger, better, and in greater availability is the very undoing of the fabric of our lives. Arthur Miller is effectively able to illustrate how this American myth is a depraving force in the lives of Americans in his drama Death of a Salesman. His illustration of these destructive beliefs is made real in the actions and thoughts of Willy Loman and his family, and it is a message which should make us question our own existence in that it is not so far removed from this portrayal. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin, 1998.

Care Plan- Dehydration- Nursing

A 5 year old girl Jenny has presented to the Emergency Department with her mother, she is suffering from a variety of symptoms including wheezing and vomiting, a dry mouth, and a temperature of 39. 7 degrees Celsius. Vomiting is when the person is excreting all food from there stomach via the mouth using forces from the oesophagus and stomach (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007). The rationale for choosing this symptom is that vomiting is a clear sign that the body is trying to get rid of a pathogen, with a large amount of vomiting the body is losing valuable nutrition and electrolytes, and will fail to function properly (Britt, 2007). If left untreated vomiting can cause children to lose a lot of fluids and become dehydrated (Van Rensburg, 2009). Dry mouth is known as Xerostomia it is a common problem, and is usually caused by systematic disease and decreased salivary flow, Dry mouth can be a sign of Dehydration (Turner & Ship, 2007). The rational for choosing dry mouth is important as it represents fluid depletion in the body, without this fluid the cells cannot function properly; it needs to be treated, to ensure fluid levels are raised. A temperature of 39. 7 is the body’s internal area rising, due to the body trying to fight of an infection. The rational for choosing this symptom is that the temperature needs to be back in normal ranges for the body to carry out normal functions, a temperature of 39. 7 puts the body in shock and can cause things such as fainting, low blood pressure and even seizures (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). The Pathophysiology of Vomiting is induced by the stomach muscles pushing bolos of food from the stomach to the oesophagus. When the stomach becomes full with gastric material, the muscles of the abdomen and the diaphragm contract (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). The oesophageal sphincter then opens and all the contents are removed from the mouth. An area in the brain called the postrema which is found in the fourth ventricle is thought to stimulate chemoreceptors which induce vomiting (Van Rensburg, 2009). The Vagus cranial nerve becomes active when the pharynx is disturbed, this causes a gag reflex; this can then lead to the stomach wanting to remove all of its contents, or can occur after a vomiting episode. The Sympathetic nervous system is also used when vomiting occurs as the body naturally begins to sweat and heart rate will rise (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). Salivary glands will work overtime to produce more saliva to help protect the enamel on teeth. Retching can occur when a person is vomiting. When the intrathoracic muscles contract rapidly without notice, the food is trying to escape is pushed up, if the glottis is not completely closed this will push the air through and cause a disturbing sound which is known as retching(McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). This sound alone can trigger vomiting as it helps the body to build up enough pressure to be able to remove all the contents of the stomach in one go. The pathophysiolgy of Dry mouth occurs when the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands stop producing enough salvia within the mouth, a variety of medications can cause this too occur, along with Sjoren's Syndrome and old age (Turner & Ship, 2007). When a dry mouth occurs the mucosa is stimulated and this signals the salivary responses in the medulla. The efferent nerve releases acetylcholine in the salivary gland terminals which trigger the release and flow of saliva (Turner & Ship, 2007). If left untreated dry mouth can cause a lot of problems with tooth decay as the teeth have no protection from food and debris (Strube, 1994). The pathophisolgy of a high temperature or fever in a child is a problem in itself, it shows that the body is under a lot of pressure to fight of a pathogen (Cohee, Crocetti, Serwin, Sabath & Kapoor, 2010), the body can have various amounts of temperatures changes throughout a day, this is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre which is located in the anterior hypothalamus within the body. The thermostat is set at a normal temperature usually of 37. (Crisp and Taylor, 2007), when this is risen the body will naturally try and get it back down to the normal temperature, usually by sweating or shivering (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). The brain stem and thermoregulatory mechanisms adjust to the change in heat production, this can occur during a fever. A Fever begins when a pyrogen, which is a substance that causes a fever, when the hypothalamus notices a change in the core body temperature vasoconstriction will occur which reduces heat loss throughout the skin and will cause the person to feel cold (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). Shivering will then occurs and the movement produces energy, this is why when a child has a fever they often feel hot and cold flushes (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). Vomiting will have a major psychological effect on the client because they cannot socialise with friends or leave the house for long periods of time. They tend not to eat or drink as they think they will be sick, this can lead to malnutrition and anorexia (Davis, Lake-Bakaar, & Grahame-Smith, 2003). Vomiting can cause tooth decay in the client, due to the production of stomach acid in the mouth. This can cause people to lose self confidence in their appearance (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). When you vomit the sympathetic nervous system is activated and you begin to sweat, this can also be embarrassing side effect. Dry Mouth causes many psychological effects for an individual because with a dry mouth you find it hard to talk as the tongue does not move easily (Turner & Ship, 2007). The individual would not eat out very often as they find it hard to chew and swallow food; this causes them to take longer when eating. Dry mouth is usually associated with cracked and dry lips this can cause the client to become embarrassed about their looks (Turner & Ship, 2007). Dry mouth can cause bad breath as there isn’t any saliva to remove food and debris from the teeth and tongue (Turner & Ship, 2007); this prevents the individual from socialising which can cause a loss in social skills. Bad breathe can also make the person feel embarrassed and lose intimacy with their partner; this can then cause relationship problems and breakdown. Having a fever can cause many physiological problems for a person; they do not have any energy to do normal everyday activities, such as socialising, sport, even to get out of bed (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007). The individual often will have hot and cold flushes this causes then to become uncomfortable when being out in public (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). When you have a fever the individual is often sweating, and becomes very pale, this can also lead to embarrassment when in public (Strube, 1994). Vomiting can also have environment effects on the individual, as they cannot attend work due to being ill, this causes the individual to lose money, if the individual has children they need to be cared for, and there can then be extra costs that occur from extra babysitting or day-care duties. Vomiting can cause a person to become distressed as they can’t leave the house or look after their children (Davis, Lake-Bakaar, & Grahame-Smith, 2003). Dry mouth can have environmental effects on an individual as they become embarrassed about the smell of their breath, this can prevent the person from working, which will cause lose of income. Bad breathe can cause relationship problems as the partner is embarrassed to be intimate towards there partner. Fever can have environmental effects on an individual as they needs regular care to check temperature and record change, this care may need to be provided by a family member or friend, this can then lead to loss of income for that person. If the person is needed to be taken to the doctor, then that is also an extra expense. The house needs to be kept_ cool with fans or air conditioning; this can cause other family members to become cold.

Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals

Summary of â€Å"Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals† The ultimate destruction of TB depends on the identification and treatment of all TB cases. Driving social factors such as poverty, immunosuppression, smoking, diabetes and poor health services make eradicating the current TB pandemic crucial in trying to control the epidemic. Current research has been focusing on early detection, treatment, and vaccination. The STOP TB Partnership was formed in May of 2000 by the World Health Assembly in efforts to reduce the number of people being infected by TB.However, â€Å"In 2006, the TB pandemic continued to kill 2 million people annually and was growing by 1% each year, despite the World Health Organization also known as WHO having declared it a ‘Global Emergency’ over a decade earlier. † The United Nations has even stated that the goal is to cut the number of TB deaths in half by the year 2015. This is a goal not so easily achieved considering the fact that an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with tuberculosis worldwide. (Kupferschmidt 1) Tuberculosis is caused from a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. uberculosis is an obligate aerobe that grows in tissues with a high oxygenated content, such as the lungs. It is a slow growing bacteria that takes anywhere from 12 to 20 hours to generate. The cells are hydrophobic and have high lipid content in the cell wall and tend to clump together. TB is an airborne disease that is spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. Tuberculosis is diagnosed by a simple skin test that if positive will show a reaction to a small quantity of tuberculosis antigens. A positive confirmation can be made by a chest X-ray, and a microscopic examination of a sputum sample.A new significant development in TB diagnosis has been found in Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The Xpert MTB/RIF is made to detect DNA sequences specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by polymerase chain reactions. The MTB/RIF test purifies concentrates and identifies targeted nucleic acid sequences in M. tuberculosis genomes which can take about 90 minutes to complete. MTB/RIF assay has met some of the minimum requirements of the governing groups, such as being easily administered by a low skilled technicians and operating in different temperatures with minimal requirement from the test operator.There has also been price reduction availability for countries with the pandemic. (Zumla 819) While MTB/RIF assay seemed to be the miracle answer for TB testing, it still falls short of the requirements set forth by the STOP TB Partnership. For example, the shelf life is half the expected 2 years, high cost of the machine and cartridges to run it and constant electricity make it difficult for key areas. Safe recycling of large amounts of cartridges also remains an environmental concern being that sputum and positive buffers are present in the used cartridges. (Zumla 822 )There are 11 new TB drugs on the horizon. Hopefully, by 2015 at least 2 of them will be released for public consumption. The current drug-susceptible TB treatment is the medication called Isoniazid or INH. INH is available worldwide, is relatively inexpensive and is generally well tolerated. INH is used to for latent tuberculosis infection to help kill the dormant bacteria and to reduce the risk of the infection becoming active tuberculosis later in life. This medication is taken for 6-9 months; where as the new drugs that are still in clinical trials would shorten this to 4 months.However, these unfortunately are not available yet. What are really needed to eradicate this disease are TB vaccines. The present TB Vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG, is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis which was introduced in 1922. It is used primarily in children in countries outside the US. Not all administered BCG vaccines have been effective either, only helping with severe childh ood versions of TB (ex: disseminated and meningeal). As of 2011, at least 6 TB vaccine candidates were in preclinical trials, with 21 additional next generation candidates in the vaccine discovery phase.A more effective tool for the United States would be a post infection vaccine, due to the vast majority of cases being remote infections. This would nearly eradicate TB in the US. But, one has currently not been created. (Zumla 823) TB has plagued the human race for decades, only improving when social, economical, and general living conditions were bettered. Recent research continues to look for vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. However, no new trial based vaccine has been introduced since BCG in the 1950’s.The STOP TB Partnership’s goal of lessening the yearly cases of infection by one million is admirable, but so much more needs to be done to control the spread of infection. More people need to be tested and become aware of what a huge problem it currently still is. People know about the disease but many people are not educated about the disease and what the symptoms are until it is too late and have probably already spread it to other people. Despite the years of effort that has been dedicated to TB research, the end still seems to be decades away. Works Cited Alimuddin Zumla, et al. Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals: Perspectives On Development Of New Diagnostics, Drugs And Vaccines For Tuberculosis. † Tropical Medicine & International Health 16. 7 (2011): 819-827. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Alimuddin Zumla, et al. â€Å"Immunological Biomarkers Of Tuberculosis. † Nature Reviews. Immunology 11. 5 (2011): 343-354. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. Kupferschmidt, Kai. â€Å"Taking A New Shot At A TB Vaccine. † Science 334. 6062 (2011): 1488. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Tuberculosis† Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, 13 Mar. 2012 Web

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay I observed a 4 twelvemonth old preschool category during playday in Staten Island. New York. The category consisted of eight kids. and one certified preschool instructor. There were 4 male childs and 4 misss in the category. During my 60 minute observation I noticed several cases of dramatic drama. peer relationships. relationships with grownups. and self-denial. Dramatic Play During my observation. I witnessed a group of two- one male child and one girl-playing house. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) kids frequently use playing house as an chance to research world and their societal functions based on grownup behaviour. The two kids that I observed explored world and their societal functions as they pretended to eat dinner together as household. The brace even took it a measure farther as they included doll babes to play as their kids. As the kids played house. the miss cooked dinner and the male child sat at the tabular array waiting for dinner to be ready. As the male child waited for dinner to be ready. he got up. walked around as if he was looking for something and came back with two babe dolls and told the miss. here they can sit following to you . The male child had assigned the miss a sensed female function. to be the female parent and attention for the babe. While the miss had assigned herself a female function. to cook for the male. Therefore. the male child was automatically assigned a sensed male function. to wait for the female to complete cookery so he could eat. The pair’s dramatic drama demonstrates how kids begin to understand standard gender functions and play consequently during early childhood ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . This drama interaction was non gender segregated. This non-gender segregated drama is a good illustration of how kids play based on their gender. Although. many immature kids prefer to play with same sex couples. I believe this was non the instance because the brace felt playing house required a female and male to suit the right gender functions. I besides believe that mass media plays a strong function in the manner preschool kids play in their sensed gender functions. Harmonizing to Kirkorian. Wartella and Anderson ( 2008 ) . by preschool age kids are active telecasting viewing audiences. Therefore. if kids watch shows that are based on household life. such as Modern Family. they will detect a strong presence of adult females in the kitchen and lovingness for kids. and theoretical account similar behaviours. Relationships with Adults During my observation there was small interaction with the instructor. Children seemed to prefer to play with their equals. One teacher-student interaction I observed was a backdown relationship. The instructor tried to prosecute the brace of kindergartners playing house. However. her battle was unsuccessful. The instructor walked over to the pair’s drama station and asked about the babies’ names. The brace answered the instructor but did non prosecute other than replying the inquiry. During the clip the instructor was oppugning the brace. the miss got up from the drama dinner tabular array and walked over to play with another group. a group of misss. This illustration supports Garvey ( 1990 ) and Harper and McCluskey ( 2003 ) statement that the attending of an grownup or instructor may impede children’s peer interactions. The girl’s reaction to the instructor interrupting her drama scenario was backdown. Another teacher-student interaction I observed was a friendly interaction. The instructor engaged a male child who was with trucks in drama. During this interaction. the male child was playing entirely with autos and trucks. The instructor asked if she could play with him. and he agreed. The instructor and pupil so played with autos and trucks in a friendly mode. This is normal as there is a inclination for instructors to pass more clip with kids who are less societal than more societal kids ( Harper and McCluskey. 2003 ) . The male child in this instance could be perceived as less societal than others as he played entirely the full hr. During my observation I did non see attachment-seeking behaviour from the kids towards the grownups. However. I did hold the opportunity to detect one preschool miss dropped off by her female parent prior to my observation. The preschool girl’s behaviour was crabbed and aggressive. The miss cried and kicked while the female parent signed the miss in. The ma tried to comfort the miss. but looked like she needed comforting herself. By and large. separation from female parents can be nerve-racking for kids. nevertheless. separation from kids can besides be nerve-racking for female parents ( Balaban et al. . 2002 ) . Peer Relationship One equal relationship I observed consisted of three misss playing dress-up. Unlike the old brace that was non gender segregated. this group of misss was gender segregated. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) in early childhood. kids make friends with other kids of the same gender and age. As these misss engaged in dramatic drama they were really nice to each other. They played with each other’s hair. did each other’s makeup. and referred to each other as my best friend . After the Forth miss in the category finished playing house with the male child. she approached the three misss and asked if she could play with them. The three misss took the Forth misss play induction as a struggle. The three misss so teamed up and said no manner. you’re non our friend to the 4th miss in the category. Young kids frequently use the term friend and playfellow interchangeable. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) . immature kids see the definition of a friend as person you play with. Therefore. when the 4th miss asked to play with the three misss she was excluded because she played with the male child and was the boy’s friend and non the three girl’s friend. Self-denial During my observation. I witness one case of aggression. One miss was constructing a princess castle with edifice blocks and a male child came by and kicked over the palace. The miss instantly got up and pushed the male child and the male child pushed the miss back. The male child or miss did non demo any self-regulation as they engaged in a battle. Besides. there was no helpful or empathetic prosocial behaviour. as the children’s actions did non forestall negative urges. In this case of self-control or deficiency of self-denial. the male child and the miss exhibited both instrumental aggression. contending over playthings and physical aggression. physical force against person. However. these signifier of aggression is normal for preschool aged kids as aggression additions during early childhood old ages ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . Fortunately. aggressive behaviours usually deteriorate by the terminal of early childhood as kids learn to better pass on their demands ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . My preschool observation was a enjoyable experience. I was able to watch eight happy kids play. battle. laugh. and gag with each other. My observation was besides an educational experience as I was able to use theories learned in category to existent life state of affairss. Overall. my observation experience was both gratifying and educational. Mentions Balaban. N. . Brodkin. A. M. . David. J. . Drucker. J. . Feder-Feitel. L. . A ; Greenberg. P. ( 2002 ) . A Great Start To School. Scholastic Parent A ; Child. 10 ( 1 ) . 40-45. Harper. Lawrence V A ; McCluskey. Karen S. ( 2003 ) . Teacher-child and child-child interactions in inclusive preschool scenes: Do grownups suppress peer interactions? Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 18. 163-184. doi:10. 1016/S0885-2006 % 2803 % 2900025-5 Hutchison. E. ( 2011 ) . Early Childhood. In Dimensions of human behaviour: The Changing Life Course ( 4th ed. ) . Los Angeles: Sage. Kirkorian. H. . Wartella. E. . A ; Anderson. D. ( 2008 ) . Media And Young Children’s Learning. The Future of Children. 18 ( 1 ) . 39-61. Garvery. C. ( 1990 ) . Play. Cambridge. Ma: Harvard University Press.

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time Every fossil tells us something about the age of the rock its found in, and index fossils are the ones that tell us the most. Index fossils (also called key fossils or type fossils) are those that are used to define periods of geologic time. Characteristics  of an Index Fossil A good index fossil is one with four characteristics: it is distinctive, widespread, abundant, and limited in geologic time. Because most fossil-bearing rocks formed in the ocean, the major index fossils are marine organisms. That being said, certain land organisms are useful in young rocks and specific regions. Boom-And-Bust Organisms Any type of organism can be distinctive, but not so many are widespread. Many important index fossils are of organisms that start life as floating eggs and infant stages, which allowed them to populate the world using ocean currents. The most successful of these became abundant, yet at the same time, they became the most vulnerable to environmental change and extinction. Thus, their time on Earth may have been confined to a short period of time. That boom-and-bust characteristic is what makes the best index fossils. Trilobites, Hard-Shelled Invertebrates Consider trilobites, a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the ocean. Trilobites were a class of animal, just like mammals or reptiles, meaning that the individual species within the class had noticeable differences. Trilobites were constantly evolving new species during their existence, which lasted 270 million years from Middle Cambrian time to the end of the Permian Period, or almost the entire length of the Paleozoic. Because they were mobile animals, they tended to inhabit large, even global areas. They were also hard-shelled invertebrates, so they fossilized easily. These fossils are large enough to study without a microscope. Other index fossils of this type include ammonites, crinoids, rugose corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, and mollusks. The USGS offers a more detailed list of invertebrate fossils (with scientific names only). Small or Microscopic Fossils Other major index fossils are small or microscopic, part of the floating plankton in the world ocean. These are handy because of their small size. They can be found even in small bits of rock, such as wellbore cuttings. Because their tiny bodies rained down all over the ocean, they can be found in all kinds of rocks. Therefore, the petroleum industry has made great use of index microfossils, and geologic time is broken down in quite fine detail by various schemes based on graptolites, fusulinids, diatoms, and radiolarians.   The rocks of the ocean floor are geologically young, as they are constantly subducted and recycled into the Earths mantle. Thus, marine index fossils older than 200 million years are normally found in sedimentary strata on land in areas that were once covered by seas.   Terrestrial Rocks For terrestrial rocks, which form on land, regional or continental index fossils may include small rodents that evolve quickly, as well as larger animals that have wide geographic ranges. These form the basis of provincial time divisions.   Defining Ages, Epochs, Periods, and Eras Index fossils are used in the formal architecture of geologic time for defining the ages, epochs, periods, and eras of the geologic time scale. Some of the boundaries of these subdivisions are defined by mass extinction events, like the Permian-Triassic extinction. The evidence for these events is found in the fossil record wherever there is a disappearance of major groups of species within a geologically short amount of time.   Related fossil types include the characteristic fossil, a fossil that belongs to a period but doesnt define it, and the guide fossil, one that helps narrow down a time range rather than nail it down.

Chemiluminiscence Experiment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemiluminiscence Experiment - Lab Report Example This undertaking involves the use of dissimilar concentrations of luminol and at varied temperatures (Roda 51). The experiment requires various chemicals and apparatus in order to become successful. About 25 ml of chlorine in liquid for will be useful as an oxidizing agent (Roda 53). Quantities of water of half liter will be desirable in the process together with 0.12 grams of luminol. Beakers will be in use for putting the reagents of the experiment. A beam balance will perform various measurements, which are suitable, for this experiment (Roda 53). An ice bath and a thermometer for aiding temperature measurements are fundamental. Other materials will involve a funnel plus a plastic tube. The procedure for the experiment involves measuring 0.12 grams of luminol by using a beam balance and mixing the mass with 250 Ml of water in distilled form (Roda 53). The action results in a solution of luminol. While measuring the luminol substance, a minimum of three measurements are significant for providing accurate measurements. This is possible by conducting about three measurements and finding the differences in mass. There should be a consideration of the mass of the paper that will contain the luminol substance in order to maintain accuracy (Roda 55). Maintaining accurate measurements is critical in reducing errors in experiments or deviation from the expected results. The next step will involve production of the bleach contents. It entails performing a mix of 25 ml of chlorine bleach in liquid form and about 225 ml of water in distilled form. The bleach and the luminol solutions are cool in an ice bath and the temperatures put in the record. The recording is for both solutions put in separate containers (Roda 55). Darkening the room will ensure efficiency in performing observations, especially, the amount of light seen when the two solutions come in contact. A funnel linked with the plastic tube will be present to

Issue of health & food Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue of health & food - Annotated Bibliography Example Akineymi intelligently shares insights on how one can regain their health by applying right eating patterns. In spite of the health complications facing human beings, the author provides a framework that a person can embrace when working towards regaining their health. Essentially, it is important to appreciate the fact that some of the complications that arise due to the food we eat occur because we do not have the right information regarding the foods we eat. As such, the author focuses on the foods as well as the aspect of choice and its overall impact on our overall health. The author captures the potency of words when it comes to the diets we eat. As such, the author reiterates the role and impact of our feeding patterns especially concerningour overall health. The author shares important factors such as self-esteem, the importance of emotional awareness, the value of morality and the general perspectives aligned to what we eat. The reader gets a clear understanding of the importance of investing in knowledge and information especially when it comes to the individual choice of food. In the end, Asamoah shares some valuable insights on how one can benefit from an array of foods depending on their psychological orientations. Barrows shares on how a diet works within a specified timeframe. However, it requires an individual to take deliberate and informed steps when it comes to the choice. The type and nature of effects that you will experience during this process depend on several factors. The author captures some of the factors that influence or determine whether you will be successful or not. In a compelling and captivating fashion, the author shares factors to consider when choosing the right diet. The main theme of this book is on the individual freedom when choosing a diet. Minich, Deanna M. Chakra Foods for Optimum Health: A Guide to the Foods That Can Improve Your Energy, Inspire Creative Changes, Open Your

Throughput Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Throughput Accounting - Research Paper Example costing methods, Activity Based Costing (ABC), however a little amount of concentration has been provided towards the constraints and problems being faced by organizations. History has witnessed that the performance of organizations is largely challenged by the constraints and these are the factors that have really potential to influence the performance of the organizations. Thanks to the theory of throughput accounting that has largely focused to constraints being faced by organizations. Constraints could be a policy, a material constraint, time constraint and so on. By focusing on the different aspects of cost and performance of organizations, throughput accounting has become successful in attracting the attention of number of multinational organizations. In the subsequent parts of this paper, first theory of throughput accounting is defined and its basic foundations have also been discussed. Subsequent to that, steps involved in throughput accounting have also been elaborated and it is followed by the part comprising of the inherent limitations being faced by this concept. Before the summary part, analysis portion has been included. Hutchinson (2007) defines throughput as the rate at which the system generates money through sales (48). And throughput accounting has been defined as the sales price minus all variable costs (Noreen et al. 1995). And others define throughput as sale prices minus material cost. And, the concept of throughput accounting based on two components: First, every system must have at least one constraint (Rahman, 1998, p. 337). If it were not accurate, then a real system as a profit making organization would make uncountable profits. As a result, a constraint is anything limiting a system from achieving higher level of performance versus its objectives (Glodratt, 1988, p.453). Second, the presence of constraints provides opportunities for improvement (Rahman, 1988, p.337). Contrary to the conventional thinking, the concept of throughput

Active Chemical Ingredients in Topical First Aid Treatments

Active Chemical Ingredients in Topical First Aid Treatments AN INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTIVE CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS IN TOPICAL FIRST AID TREATMENTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Aim The aim of this investigation is to experimentally determine which first aid product and its active ingredients are most effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and to establish how and why the chemical compounds of the active ingredients in each product affected the results. Introduction The idea for this exploration was developed as a result of an experiment and study that were conducted and taught in my medical microbiology class. The specific lesson that caught my interest was focused on the skin flora as well as infection causing bacteria. This, combined with the lab about the effects of specific antibiotics on bacteria as well as my considerable experience with first aid and disaster response skills led me to think about the importance of antibiotics for medication and treatments. I decided that my investigation would concentrate on topical first aid products against the occasionally pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, a member of the skin flora. My choice to pick a ubiquitous bacterium was because I wanted to focus on the more practical implementations of the investigation and could evaluate for myself which first aid product would be most useful in real world applications. Background    This investigation requires background information about the biochemistry or mechanisms of action in specific compounds and the Kirby-Bauer test. These are described below. Kirby-Bauer Test The Kirby-Bauer test or disk diffusion tests allows for scientists to test the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria. A disk is impregnated with a substance and placed on a petri dish and a zone of inhibition or inhibition zone appears after days or hours after incubation. The inhibition zone represents the area in which the bacteria has stopped growing or has been killed by the antibiotic. The size of the inhibition zone indicates the effectiveness of the antibiotic (the larger the diameter of the zone of inhibition the more effective the substance is). Mechanism of Action in Compounds This investigation focuses on five specific compounds which are active first aid antiseptic or antibiotic ingredients in the products that will be tested. These compounds are: benzalkonium chloride, triclosan, bacitracin zinc, polymyxin B sulfate, and neomycin sulfate. This information will be sectioned into Part A, B, C, D, and E. Part A: Benzalkonium Chloride Benzalkonium chloride is a member of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) which are also known as cationic agents/surfactants. Furthermore, quaternary ammonium compounds have positively charged structures. Thus, the cationic zone of benzalkonium chloride disrupts the intermolecular attractions/electrostatic interactions of the negatively charged cell components, destroys the outer membrane, and ultimately kills the pathogen. Part B: Triclosan Triclosan works to inhibit bacterial growth through its mechanomolecular energy. This mechanomolecular energy is as a result of the ether single-bond rotations on the central oxygen atom. Subsequently, the rapid and fluctuating vibratory movements of the bonds in the molecule disrupt bacterial membranes which easily allow the chemical compound to enter the cells membrane. Once triclosan enters the cell membrane, it binds and blocks the active sites of the enoyl-acyl carrier-protein reductase enzyme (ENR) thus preventing the process of fatty acid synthesis. This fatty acid process is critical for building the pathogens cell membrane and its other vital functions necessary for processes like reproduction. Furthermore, at extremely low concentrations, triclosan can develop into a crystalline form by ring stacking, thus interfering with essential enzymes including the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coenzyme of bacteria. Figure 1: Figure 1 visualizes the two benzene rings and the central oxygen atom in the Triclosan compound. Part C: Bacitracin Zinc Bacitracin has antimicrobial activity primarily because of its ability to bind to divalent metal ions, in this case the Zn ²Ã‚ Ã‚ º cation, resulting in bacitracin zinc. The Zn ²Ã‚ Ã‚ º ion forms a ternary 1:1:1 antibiotic-metal-lipid complex. This means that the divalent metal ion complex can tightly bind to the lipid C‚†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¦-isoprenyl pyrophosphate molecules of the cell, acting like a bridge between the pyrophosphate and bacitracin zinc. Once the C‚†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¦-isoprenyl pyrophosphate has been compromised due to its inability to dephosphorylate or remove its phosphate (PO43ˆ’) through the pyrophosphatase enzyme and hydrolysis process, the pyrophosphate can no longer transport lipids into the cell-wall. Subsequently, this inhibits the process of cell-wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the cell wall and ultimately leads to bacterial death. Part D: Polymyxin B Sulfate The mechanism of action of polymyxin B sulfate is similar to that of benzalkonium chloride, in that it is also classified as a cationic surfactant. Therefore, like benzalkonium chloride, polymyxin B sulfate alters the external membrane of bacterial cells. Additionally, because of its positively charged amino group in the cyclic peptide region in the compound, it has an electrostatic attraction for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharide layer of bacterial cells and binds to these specific sites. Once these sites have been compromised, the outer membrane of the bacterial cell becomes destabilized and weakened. Figure 2: Figure 2 visualizes the amino group and cyclic peptide region of polymyxin B sulfate which is the primary mechanism of antimicrobial action within the compound. Part E: Neomycin Sulfate Neomycin sulfate is classified as an aminoglycoside antibiotic which means it has an amino group (-NH‚‚) attached to derivatives of sugar called glycosides. Aminoglycosides are highly positive in charge due to the presence of amino groups and have a high electrostatic attraction for the negatively charged outer surface of bacteria. This electrostatic interaction disrupts the membrane of the bacteria due to the displacement of Mg ²Ã‚ Ã‚ º and Ca ²Ã‚ Ã‚ º bridges and creates temporary openings in the bacterial cell membrane. Subsequently, this process causes intracellular content leakage and further increases the antibiotic intake in the bacteria. Additionally, rRNA molecules of bacteria are highly negative in charge because of the presence of phosphate groups. This negative charge has an electrostatic attraction with the positively charged antibiotic and allows the aminoglycoside to easily bind to the rRNA of the bacteria and thereafter inhibits the process of protei n synthesis leading to bacterial cell death. Prediction The initial prediction is that NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment will be the most effective compared to Bactine Spray and CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray because it is a triple antibiotic and has a greater variety of active ingredients that can kill bacteria. Experimental Procedure and Methodology Variables The independent variables for this experiment are the different first aid products because each product should influence the dependent variable (diameter of inhibition zone). The dependent variable is the size of the inhibition zones because the length depends on what first aid product is used. The controls of the investigation are the incubation time, petri dish, Staphylococcus aureus, method of inoculation, the incubator, and the amount of each drug because they are variables that are kept constant throughout each trial and for each product tested. It is important to maintain the controls throughout all trials so that measurements can be as consistent as possible. Safety and Environmental Ethics It is important to keep in mind the risks and safety precautions before attempting this experiment. These risks include residual bacterial contamination on the skin and burning. It is highly advised to wear gloves or rubber insulator gloves when needed and to wash hands frequently throughout the experiment. Additionally, an environmental ethical consideration must be taken in account because experimenting with antibacterial products can contribute to antibacterial resistance. However, the effects would be negligible due to the small scale size of the experiment. Materials 125 ml of Agar Absorbent bibulous paper Hole puncher Sharpie Ruler (with millimeters) Gloves 12 Petri dishes Incubator @34  °C; set at 4.5 12 strips of Parafilm Forceps Tweezers Large beaker Hot plate Rubber insulator gloves Bunsen burner Strikers Inoculating loop Staphylococcus aureus NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment Bactine Spray CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray Procedure Heat up 125 ml of agar in a beaker filled with water on a hotplate and wait until the agar is clear all the way through. Use forceps and rubber insulator gloves to remove the agar out of the beaker. Pour about the same amount of agar in each petri dish and wait until the agar sets (5-10 minutes). Use isolated Staphylococcus aureus and a heated and then cooled inoculating loop to carefully swab the culture into the 12 petri dishes. Make sure to go in a zigzag motion and cover all areas. Label each petri dish #1-#3: NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment #4-#6: Bactine Spray #7-#9: CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray #10-#12: Control Punch at least 12 holes into absorbent bibulous paper. Soak the disks with each of the drug solutions. Use tweezers that have been heated up and cooled down with water to minimize bacterial contamination. Additionally, each time a different product is being impregnated into the disks, reheat and cool the tweezers to minimize cross-product contamination. Place three disks containing NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment in petri dishes #1, #2, and #3. Place three disks containing Bactine Spray in petri dishes #4, #5, #6. Place three disks containing CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray in petri dishes #7, #8, #9. Leave the remaining three petri dishes with no disks in order to show that the petri dishes have pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Use parafilm to seal all the petri dishes. Flip over all petri dishes and place in incubator at 34  °C on the 4.5 setting (the optimal temperature and conditions for bacterial growth) Measure the diameter of the inhibition zones (including the disk) 48 hours post inoculation with a ruler (in mm) and record data. Repeat all steps for Trial 2 and Trial 3 making sure all conditions are maintained. Results Product Name Table 1: Recorded Length of Inhibition Zones on Staphylococcus aureusà ¡Ã‚ µÃ†â€™ Trial 1  ± 0.5 mm Trial 2  ± 0.5 mm Trial 3  ± 0.5 mm Mean  ± 0.5 mmà ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¡ NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment 14.0 17.0 16.0 15.4 14.0 16.0 18.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 Bactine Spray 12.0 16.0 18.0 16.3 16.0 17.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 20.0 CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray 7.0 0.0 8.0 5.2 0.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 7.0 9.0 a- Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) including disk diameter of 6mm b- Average diameter of inhibition zone after 3 trials for each product *The values that were found to have 0.0mm were petri dishes that had no zone of inhibition *Controls were not included as they only served to show that the petri dishes had pure samples of Staphylococcus aureus and are irrelevant to be included in the processed data Conclusion and Evaluation The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effectiveness of the active chemical ingredients in topical first aid treatments against Staphylococcus aureus. The initial aims of the investigation have been reached. The results of the experiment have suggested that Bactine Spray is the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus followed by NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment then CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray. Thus, the initial prediction was incorrect. Bactine Spray contained 0.13% of benzalkonium chloride and in this investigation had an average length of 16.3 mm for its zone of inhibition (Table 1). According to a study done by Ali Fazlara (a member of the Department of Food Hygiene at Shahid Chamran University) and Maryam Ekhtelat (a researcher at Shahid Chamran University in the Department of Microbiology) found that because Staphylococcus aureus has a highly negative charge on its cell wall due to its slight anionic teichoic acids and peptidoglycan molecules, it allows for the cationic benzalkonium chloride to bind easily to specficically Staphylococcus aureus cell wall and thus block the active sites for essential enzymes to undergo their normal biochemical reactions for the bacterial cell. Therefore, benzalkonium chloride should theoretically be highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. The data collected seems to support this and underpins the known fact that benzalkonium chloride is bacteriostatic (a chemical agent t hat stops bacteria from reproducing) at low concentrations. The investigation also suggests that NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment was the second most effective against Staphylococcus aureus compared with the Bactine Spray and CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray. The active ingredients within this first aid product are bacitracin zinc (400 units), neomycin sulfate (3.5mg), and polymyxin B sulfate (5,000 units). NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment resulted in an average zone of inhibition diameter of 15.4 mm, as shown in Table 1. The possible reason for why NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment was not as effective against Staphylococcus aureus in this investigation is because of antibacterial resistance to some or all of the active ingredients by the bacteria. Studies have proposed that the isolate primarily found in the United States called USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has been increasingly discovered to have been resistant to neomycin sulfate, bacitracin zinc, and polymyxin B sulfate. In this investigation, it can be suggested that CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray, with a concentration of 0.13% of triclosan was the least effective against Staphylococcus aureus. It resulted in an average zone of inhibition diameter of 5.2 mm according to Table 1. A possible conclusion that can be reached based on the results is the increasingly proven theory that Staphylococcus aureus has a progressively high antimicrobial resistance to triclosan. This is due in part because triclosan was the most common active ingredient in over the counter (OTC) products, which contributed greatly to Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance. As a matter of fact, the FDA banned triclosan on consumer antibacterial wash products because of the health related risks from bacterial resistance. However, some products still use triclosan because it banned to be used in soaps. These conclusions are incomplete and require improvements in order to thoroughly and further confirm the results and achieve consistent values. The addition of more trials would further eliminate any systematic errors that may have occurred such as error when impregnating disks with the products or cross-product contamination. Any instances of random error can be best alleviated by the use of a Vernier calliper (a measuring instrument that is used for measuring diameters) instead of a ruler. The use of a calliper to measure would contribute to higher precision and less measurement uncertainty. Extending the investigation to other normal bacterial skin flora would be interesting to see the extent of the effectiveness of Bactine Spray, NEOSPORIN ® Original Ointment, and CVS Health Instant First Aid Spray on different bacteria. Works Cited   Ã‚   Chittapragada, Maruthi, and Sarah Roberts. Aminoglycosides: Molecular Insights on the Recognition of RNA and Aminoglycoside Mimics. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, 2009. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754922/. Accessed 15 Feb. 2017. Economou, Nicoleta J., et al. High-resolution crystal structure reveals molecular details of target recognition by bacitracin. 2013. www.pnas.org/content/110/35/14207.full.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017. Fazlara, Ali, and Maryam Ekhtelat. The Disinfectant Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride on Some Important Foodborne Pathogens. IDOSI, 2012. www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes12(1)12/4.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb. 2017. Federal Drug Administration. FDA Issues Final Rule on Safety and Effectiveness of Antibacterial Soaps. U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page, 2 Sept. 2016, www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm517478.htm. Accessed 16 Feb. 2017. Kaya, Deniz. Quarternary Ammonium Compounds. 21 Jan. 2010, Accessed 9 Feb. 2017. Kling, Jim. Antibiotic Ointments May Fuel Resistance and Spread of MRSA. Medscape, 14 Sept. 2011, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749666. Accessed 16 Feb. 2017. Maxka, Jim. Organic Chemistry Interactive Notes. Organic Chemistry, North Arizona University. Arizona. Reading. McDonnell, Gerald, and A. D. Russell. Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1999. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88911/. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017. Petersen, Richard C. Triclosan Antimicrobial Polymers. HHS Public Access, 2016. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4893770/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. . Triclosan Computational Conformational Chemistry Analysis ForAntimicrobial Properties in Polymers. HHS Public Access, 2015. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394635/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Polymxyin B Sulfate. Digital Photograph. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017. Pub Chem. Aerosporin | C56H100N16O17S PubChem. The PubChem Project, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polymyxin_B_sulfate#section=Related-Compounds. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017. Ramin Khajavi, Morteza Sattari and Ali Ashjaran, 2007. The Antimicrobial Effect of Benzalkonium Chloride on Some Pathogenic Microbes Observed on Fibers of Acrylic Carpet. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10: 598-601. Stone, K. J., and Jack L. Strominger. Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate. 1971. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC389626/pdf/pnas00087-0326.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Tay, William M., et al. 1H NMR, Mechanism, and Mononuclear Oxidative Activity ofthe Antibiotic Metallopeptide Bacitracin: The Role of D-Glu-4,Interaction with Pyrophosphate Moiety, DNA Binding andCleavage, and Bioactivity. JACS Articles, 2010. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017. Unblok Bio Solutions. Ammonium. Unblok Bio-Fix, unblok.co/ammonium/. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 :: essays research papers

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 1. Introduction The objective of this document is to emphasize the importance of simulation as a measure of complexity reduction and planner’s tool for decision support in MNE 4’s Effects-Based Planning (EBP) process. Starting with an overview of the underlying principles of Wargaming and Modeling and Simulation (M&S), the outcome of this abstract is a ‘Process for the application of simulation to support Wargaming in MNE 4’. This document may also serve as a basis for MNE 4 design and execution decision-makers in order to determine the value of simulation as a wargaming tool for MNE 4. 2. The Art of Wargaming Wargaming and Course-of-Action Analysis are approved instruments of military planning in order to determine the feasibility and validity of military options and plans. Traditionally wargaming was conducted by exposing Blue military options to the challenges of Red Team’s counter-actions just using people’s brain, pen and paper. Today, the complexity of the battlefield has experienced significant increases due to the challenges of asymmetric menaces after the end of the Cold War. The concept of Effects-Based Operations (EBO) tries to embrace these new conditions based on ambitious processes like Knowledge Base Development (KBD). Furthermore, military planning and operation execution have to cope not only with a highly complex and dynamic adversary’s system conducting asymmetric operations, but also with great challenges on the Blue side, such as the coordination and interaction of multiple coalition partners and different agencies and organizations in a non-linear battlespace. Experiences from recent months and years have undoubtedly proven that EBO cannot be successfully conducted without adequate support by IT tools. Especially the various wargaming activities within EBP cannot be properly accomplished by just using traditional measures. Military planners desperately need automated tools in order to handle data masses, multi-dimensional and dynamic interrelations within the adversary’s system and own (blue) forces and instruments. 3. Simulation as an Analysis Method Basically, there are two major approaches for answering optimization questions: the analytical approach and the numerical approach. As the analytic approach tries to exactly calculate results considering the objective function, limitation variables and all other relevant factors, the numerical approach allows only for approximate results often using iterative or even heuristic processes. Nevertheless, numerical methods have a far more practical weight (see Reference 3) since in opposition to the analytical methods they can handle complex systems with great varieties of variables. Simulation is one of a whole set of numerical methods and additionally, it comprises another major advantage especially useful for wargaming problems: it models dynamics.

The Beaux-Arts Style

The beaux-arts style of architecture dominate the architecture of public buildings from 1890 to 1920 because the style was first popularized during the well attended Columbian Exposition of 1893. This style was to be emulated by many entities far and wide. The term â€Å"Beaux Arts† refers to the com/music-appreciation-final/">American Renaissance period from about 1890 to 1920 and encompasses the French Renaissance, the Italian Renaissance, and the neoclassical Revivals.In addition, most of the leading American architects of that period had been academically trained many of whom had trained at Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.These facts, together with the fact that America was emerging as a dynamic industrially powerful nation and was becoming a world power at the same time, were proof that America had arrived. Added together, these facts pushed the citizens of the nation to desire architectural proofs of their aspirations and desire to prove to the word that America was a cult ural and political equal to any nation in the world. The Beaux-Arts style is extravagant reflecting the attitude and taste of the industrial barons of this pre-tax era. Their homes were flamboyant and theatrical reflecting a desire to flaunt their wealth.The Beaux-Arts style fits this desire precisely. These industrialists gave commissions to these architects to build their sumptuous residencies in fashionable neighborhoods and exclusive summer enclaves. These grand houses reflected the desire for â€Å"conspicuous consumption. † This spirit of grandeur prompted many cities to erect grand public buildings as well. Every city aspired to outdo its neighbor. The American dream was to emulate the lead of the industrialists and proclaim their wealth and solidity. Public libraries, train stations, town halls, courthouses, office buildings, even prisons manifested this grandeur.Because this style is classical in nature but grand in scale, the buildings are more extravagant. This sty le is theatrical. Elaborate moldings, pilasters, wreaths, garlands, festoons, dentils, cartouches and figure sculpture all are a part of this style. This proclaims to the world power and wealth. Exactly what the era was about. This reflected what the nation’s psyche was about during this period. Bold, new, powerful, and wealthy. This nation was finally a force to be reckoned with. No longer a colonial appendage, but a country equal to any and all.

Corporate valuation Essay

On Wednesday, February 24, 2010 the SEC reiterated its support for International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), this was conditional upon the accomplishment of a number of milestones. The SEC staff had developed a comprehensive work plan that would help to keep the process moving forward. Including Fiat,more and more huge cooperations are adopting IFRS accounting policies since 2000,not only because it makes more transparency in statements,but it tenses or looses the strict that enhance the efficiency and accuracy of accounting. 1. What are Fiat’s key accounting policies? Which of Fiat’s key accounting policies are affected by the adoption of IFRS? In accordance with the case, the Italy-based Fiat Group’s revenues were mainly generated from the production and sales of passenger vehicles (including large-volume brands and luxury, high-margin brands), tractors, agricultural equipments, and light commercial vehicles. The Group’s main operations was manufacturing cars which needed as many new models, technologies, creativity, and innovations as possible. Consequently, it could be seen easily that the Fiat Group had almost relied on its Research and Development (R&D) activities. Additionally, sales were also a very important activity in every organization, so the Fiat Group was not an exception. Therefore, applying new accounting policy for revenue recognition to show that the Group’s profit was favorable was very vital. The Fiat Group first-time adopted IFRS and the reporting d ate of its first IFRS statement was December 31, 2005. After changing to IFRS, R&D costs were affected the most. Under Italian GAAP, R&D costs incurred were capitalized or charged to operating expenses. For the Fiat Group, it has primarily expensed its R&D costs when they were incurred. Under IFRS, the Group has capitalized development costs in some parts such as the Fiat Auto, Ferrari-Maserati, Agricultural and Construction Equipment, Commercial Vehicle and Components Sectors. The next accounting policy influenced by the first-time adoption of IFRS was revenue recognition – sales with a buy-back commitment. Under IAS 18, sales with a buy-back commitment do not reach the requirements for revenue recognition due to risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the buyers. In result, this kind of sales is recorded as an operating lease transaction instead of revenues under Italian GAAP. Last but not least, sales of receivables also were impacted. All receivables through securitization and factoring transactions (with or without recourse) had been derecognized under Italian GAAP while all securitization transactions have been reversed under IFRS and all portfolios sold w ith recourse or without recourse have been reinstated in the IFRS balance sheet. Unlike U.S. GAAP rule-based standards, IFRS standards tend to be principle-based. Typically, rule-based standards are easily applied and enforced when compared to principle-based standards, however, along with rules, come exceptions. Exceptions to the rule-based standards of US GAAP add a level of complexity that often results in application issues. The move towards IFRS principle-based standards, accounts for exceptions to the rules by allowing judgment to exist when applying the standards to a company’s financials. Conversely, US GAAP encourages companies to comply with set laws anddiscourages evaluating the economic substance of a company’s activities The differences between Fiat’s key accounting methods under GAAP and those under IFRS. 1.Substance over form. Example, Recognition of revenue:to recognize revenues of long-term contracts,IFRS does not allow the Recognition from relative subjects but does accept to value it by contract cost. 2.Less flexibility Example: Recognition of R&D cost:GAPP views them as expense,and IFRS acknowledges researching cost as expense as well,but developing cost can be stated as expense or capitalize cost under IFRS,after its feasibility is confirmed. 3.More transparent Example: Income tax paid: CFO takes all the income tax paid obligation under GAAP,while CFO only states operating tax paid obligation,CFF and CFI states capitalizing one and investment one respectively. 4.Retrospective application of the new standards to opening equity as of January 1, 2004 to properly establish IFRS based data What characterizes the differences between the two sets of methods On Wednesday, February 24, 2010 the SEC reiterated its support for International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), this is conditional upon the accomplishment of a number of milestones. The SEC staff has developed a comprehensive work plan that will help to keep the process moving forward. The staff will regularly report progress to commissioners and a decision will be made in 2011 as to whether or not IFRS will be incorporated into the U.S. financial reporting system. There are many differences between Italian GAAP and IFRS. 1.Fair value in barter transaction GAAP admits the fair value in barter transaction which is similar to history transactions,IFRS also requires new trade to be similar to history ones but recognizes the fair value as the value in non-barter transactions. 2.Monitor interest It can be viewed as liabilities or equity or mezzanine section Under GAAP,but under IFRS it is illegal unless it is equity. 3.Comprehensive Income It is included in net income under GAPP,but under IFRS it is got rid of. 4.Dividend Received/Dividend Paid Dividend received is included in CFO statement,while dividend paid is included in CFF statement under GAAP,but under IFRS,they two can be allocated in both of CFO and CFF. 5.Upward revaluation(for fixed assets and intangible assets) GAAP does not allow this action but IFRS does. 6.Employee benefits-post employment & long-term Under GAAP,they are kinds of operating expense and actuarial gains and losses deferred and partially amortized over time.Under IFRS,related interest cost is classified in interest expense. 7.Goodwill The period of amortization of goodwill should not exceeding 20 years under GAAP.But under IFRS,goodwill cannot be amortized at all. 8.Sold receivables Under GAAP,it is typically off balance sheet,while it is typically reinstated under IFRS. 9.Start-up and similar charges They are deffered and amortized under GAAP,but are typically reinstated under IFRS. 10.Scope of consolidation Fiat Auto stakes in share parts business is accounted for under equity method under GAAP,while under IFRS,it is consolidated on a line by line basis, Unlike Italian GAAP rule-based standards,IFRS standards tend to be principle-based. Typically, rule-based standards are easily applied and enforced when compared to principle-based standards, however, along with rules, come exceptions. Exceptions to the rule-based standards of US GAAP add a level of complexity that often results in application issues. The move towards IFRS principle-based standards, accounts for exceptions to the rules by allowing judgment to exist when applying the standards to a company’s financials. Conversely, US GAAP encourages companies to comply with set laws anddiscourages evaluating the economic substance of a company’s activities. The trend towards IFRS has evolved around a widespread agreement to synchronize accounting standards internationally. The ultimate goal is to reduce costs for multi-national corporations, and to allow investors to make valid comparisons between companies across the world. Users of financial statements have pushed for the development of global standards that provide more consistent and comparable reporting worldwide. From the perspective of a minority investor in the company shares,I would like to choose IFRS because: Under IFRS minority investors can gain better information IFRS provides more transparent information of company’s management and transaction ,as a consequence minority investors’ confidence enhanced by Fiat’s transparent disclosure thus it leads positive expectation from market Adoption of IFRS is an international trend, competitors such as Peugeot and Volkswagen adopted IFRS. Investor can better understanding both Fiat and its competitors performance The trend towards IFRS has evolved around a widespread agreement to synchronize accounting standards internationally. The ultimate goal is to reduce costs for multi-national corporations, and to allow investors to make valid comparisons between companies across the world. Users of financial statements have pushed for the development of global standards that provide more consistent and comparable reporting worldwide. Summarize the main factors that affect management’s reporting incentives and strategy in fiscal year 2005,which factors might reduce management’s incentive to fully comply with the IFRS? In this part, we would like to conclude what are the main factors that influenced the management incentives and strategy in fiscal year 2005. Under IFRS, FIAT results would be consistent with market standards and they would be more comparable with its competitors from automotive industry. Financial position that was used in the past differs from the IFRS one, because it did not take into consideration financial receivables. Therefore, results, as well as many ratios were different in past. There is also the fact, that many investors did not invest into Fiat because they do not understand to Italian GAAP so much and therefore this investment would involve too much risk. IFRS are able to value the company better than GAAP and there is less space for influencing the financial results. That is also the fact, why IFRS are more beneficial for smaller investors. According to the law, there was a necessity to switch to IFRS but there was not necessity to fully comply with them. Under IFRS, many of financial data are changed. Elimination of goodwill amortisation is able to generate 0,2 billion EUR impact. The goodwill is not longer amortised. There should also be benefit of 0,3 billion EUR from recognition of gains and approximately 0,1 billion gain from impact of development costs. The whole impact therefore creates 0,6 billion euros. Under IFRS, there is different rules connect to selling of products. In connection to that there is the change in equity, which reduced by 0,5 billion Euros. On the other hand, it also increased the debt by 0,8 billion euros. IFRS allow having in consolidated statements only activities that are directly connected to the core business. This is one of the major changes. The company needs to prove, that they are healthy and that the have met or exceeded all their targets. Switching to IFRS could help them with emphasise their good data and performance and increase their value in eyes of investors as well as in eyes of potential creditors.