History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol

History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Capitol Santo Domingo, the  capital city of the Dominican Republic, is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the Americas, having been founded in 1498 by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher. The city has a long and fascinating history, having been victimized by pirates, overrun by slaves, re-named by a dictator and more. It is a city where history comes to life, and the Dominicans are justly proud of their status as the oldest European city in the Americas. Foundation of Santo Domingo Santo Domingo de Guzmn was actually the third settlement on Hispaniola. The first, Navidad, consisted of some 40 sailors who were left behind by Columbus on his first voyage when one of his ships sank. Navidad was wiped out by angry natives between the first and second voyages. When Columbus returned on his second voyage, he founded Isabela, near present-day Luperà ³n to the northwest of Santo Domingo. Conditions at Isabela were not optimal, so Bartholomew Columbus moved the settlers to present-day Santo Domingo in 1496, officially dedicating the city in 1498. Early Years and Importance The first colonial governor, Nicols de Ovando, arrived in Santo Domingo in 1502 and the city was officially the headquarters for the exploration and conquest of the New World. Spanish courts and bureaucratic offices were set up, and thousands of colonists passed through on their way to Spain’s newly discovered lands. Many of the important events of the early colonial era, such as the conquests of Cuba and Mexico, were planned in Santo Domingo. Piracy The city soon fell on hard times. With the conquest of the Aztecs and Inca complete, many of the new settlers preferred to go to Mexico or South America and the city stagnated. In January of 1586, notorious pirate Sir Francis Drake was able to easily capture the city with less than 700 men. Most of the inhabitants of the city had fled when they heard Drake was coming. Drake stayed for a month  until he had received a ransom of 25,000 ducats for the city, and when he left, he and his men carried off everything they could, including the church bells. Santo Domingo was a smoldering ruin by the time he left. The French and Haiti Hispaniola and Santo Domingo took a long time to recover from the pirate raid, and in the mid-1600s, France, taking advantage of the still-weakened Spanish defenses and looking for American colonies of its own, attacked and captured the western half of the island. They renamed it Haiti and brought in thousands of African slaves. The Spanish were powerless to stop them  and retreated to the eastern half of the island. In 1795 the Spanish were forced to cede the rest of the island, including Santo Domingo, to the French as a result of wars between France and Spain after the French Revolution. Haitian Domination and Independence The French did not own Santo Domingo for very long. In 1791, African slaves in Haiti revolted, and by 1804 had thrown the French out of the western half of Hispaniola. In 1822, Haitian forces attacked the eastern half of the island, including Santo Domingo, and captured it. It wasn’t until 1844 that a determined group of Dominicans were able to drive the Haitians back, and the Dominican Republic was free for the first time since Columbus first set foot there. Civil Wars and Skirmishes The Dominican Republic had growing pains as a nation. It constantly fought with Haiti, was reoccupied by the Spanish for four years (1861-1865), and went through a series of presidents. During this time, colonial-era structures, such as defensive walls, churches, and the Diego Columbus house, were neglected and fell into ruin. American involvement in the Dominican Republic increased greatly after the construction of the Panama Canal: it was feared that European powers could seize the canal using Hispaniola as a base. The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924. The Trujillo Era From 1930 to 1961 the Dominican Republic was ruled by a dictator, Rafael Trujillo. Trujillo was famous for self-aggrandizement, and renamed several places in the Dominican Republic after himself, including Santo Domingo. The name was changed back after his assassination in 1961. Santo Domingo Today Present day Santo Domingo has rediscovered its roots. The city is currently undergoing a tourism boom, and many colonial-era churches, fortifications, and buildings have recently been renovated. The colonial quarter is a great place to visit to see old architecture, see some sights and have a meal or a cold drink.

Chris Paul From CoSchedule

Customer Experience Is The New Brand W/ Chris Paul From How often do you think about customer experience? Marketers put tons of time and energy into creating a brand to communicate a value proposition that makes people feel a certain way about their company. But good marketers know that it’s not about brand, but brand perception developed through conversations and interactions with customers. Today, we’re talking to Chris Paul, head of customer experience at . He describes how different departments and employees at a company can work together to make sure they are on the same page when it comes to the company’s brand and adding value to customer experience. Learn about your brand from both customers and co-workers All products, services, and solutions evolve over time; so do customers’ needs and demands Consider product market fit and then pivot and make changes when necessary Dawn of a new era where customers are not afraid to tell you what they think Know customers’ experiences and expectations to create a  positive experience Help customers grow and be successful by orchestrating value and addressing their pain points/problems How to identify existing and future stakeholders Offer customers on-demand support via various channels, including social media Delegate and streamline support requests to effectively respond to customers Improve customer experience by aligning and collaborating with departments and teams, don’t silo them Links: Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes: â€Å"Product market fit will always, always change.† Chris Paul â€Å"People don’t trust brands anymore. They trust their peers or customers or reviews.† Eric Piela â€Å"What’s the experience the customer is expecting?† Chris Paul The customer is dictating the channel theyd like to communicate with and so were absolutely fine by that. Chris Paul

The Legacy of Felix Houphouet-Boigny - Cote d'Ivoire Essay

The Legacy of Felix Houphouet-Boigny - Cote d'Ivoire - Essay Example This effect was so strong, that during Houphouet-Boigny’s reign, Cote d’Ivoire was perceived as a model state and one to be aspired to. Consequently, on Houphouet-Boigny’s death, he left a significant legacy in his country. Since Houphouet-Boigny died, the sovereign state has been subject to significant inner conflict which cumulated in a civil war and high tensions across the country. Currently, with a democratically elected president of Cote d’Ivoire, there is a chance that the legacy of Houphouet-Boigny will be realized and the country may return to stability and economic prosperity. Houphouet-Boigny Cote d’Ivoire is a highly diverse state, containing more than 60 different ethnic groups. The varied nature of this population makes peace difficult, and the effectiveness of political power has varied depending on the political leader (Cocodia, 2008). This diversity is prevalent throughout the African nations and is thought to be one of the key fact ors. Currently, there are approximately 20.2 million people living in Cote d’Ivoire (BBC News, 2011). The main ethnic groups in the region are Akan, which comprise 42.1% of the population, Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northen Mandes (16.5%) and Krous (11.5%). A number of small ethnic groups also exist. Religion is also highly varied, with 38.6% of the population being Muslim, 32.8% Christian, 11.9% Indigenous and 16.7% none. This distribution is confounded by the fact that approximately 70% of migratory workers are Muslim and 30% are Christian (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). These factors show the significant challenges that Houphouet-Boigny faced in the creation of a unified country. Additionally, they show the ease in which the country could fall back into tension and conflict. Each ethnic or religious group has different perceptions about many things, such as politics and rights. Consequently, if a president aligns himself with a particular group, he may anger two or th ree others. This makes the creation of a representative and unifying government difficult. Felix Houphouet-Boigny achieved peace and unity in his country through two means. The first of these was the redistribution of wealth away from ethnic groups that were traditionally rich to those that were poor. This was a crucial move as it not only helped to stabilize the state’s economy, but it also assisted Houphouet-Boigny to become recognized as a fair leader as his own ethnic group was one that he shifted funds away from. Furthermore, this aided to provide strong ethnic stabilization as no group was treated as superior to another. Secondly, Houphouet-Boigny worked to maintain peace through sharing and redistributing power (Tangeras & Lagerlof, 2009). While he was in power, Houphouet-Boigny maintained a strong conscious focus over politics and the distribution of power among ethnic groups. In doing this, he was able to avoid the buildup of tensions within the nation (Cocodia, 2008 ). Through these actions, Houphouet-Boigny was able to create a government that most people supported. As president, Houphouet-Boigny maintained strong authority, significantly grew the economy of Cote d’Ivoire and gained respect from his people by running a highly representative government (Cocodia, 2008). Despite the fact that both Houphouet-Boigny and his

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the Essay

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the paramount one for the United States today - Essay Example We have removed the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat and We have removed Saddam Hussein in Iraq, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat† (Showdown with Iran). According to reports the Iran has on many occasion tried to reach out to U.S to find a solution to the exiting problems of military power, terrorism and U.S interference in Middle East. The prominent one was the fax received in Washington after the U.S victory over Iraq in 2003, the fax described various way to make a peace treaty between U.S and Iran, but the fax was neglected and no initiative was taken from the U.S government. The recent developments in Iran with regard to its work in the area of nuclear weapons, firstly the Iran’s new arrangements near to the city of qom in Iran to accomplish its need for higher amounts of uranium has the raised concerns around the globe. Secondly Iran’s plan to build nuclear weapon supported with missile has put the Obama administration in great dilemma. The Iran has not responded well to the steps taken by USA to hold talks regarding these matters. USA has then come forward and said that irresponsible actions of Iran in relation to nuclear weapon development is leading International community to charge a hike in costs to the Iran. â€Å"The Obama administration is now involved in a diplomatic campaign to further isolate Iran and apply pressure to encourage a change in the Iranian government’s behavior. The united states is urging a board of international approach on economic sanctions said the secretary of the state† (Kaufman). As per report s of International Atomic Energy agency (IAEA) in march 2010 Iranian government has denied to provide any information in regard to its work on nuclear development and at the same time has not obeyed the U.N security council’s statement on Iran to stop work on Uranium and heavy water related projects that will enhance the production of

History of Beer Essay Example for Free

History of Beer Essay Beer was probably discovered by accident, when some of the nomadic tribes of the Middle East decided to settle down to an agricultural life depending on the cultivation of grain. In times of plenty the excess might have been stored for a possible future period of failure. Due to the damp storage condition the grain might have sprouted and germinated in a desperate bid to salvage the crop they must have made porridge by boiling the sprouted grain with water. This must have released sugar into the liquid resulting in a sweet tasting porridge. This was probably left in open to cool allowing the natural yeast of the atmosphere to settle on the porridge forming alcohol or what was a crude wash. There is evidence that the brewing process was established in Babylon as early as 6000 B.C. The Egyptians improved upon this process, which was diffused along the trade routes by the Greeks the Romans. The Romans started brewing on a commercial basis to provide a substitute to wine. The term bear today covers all beer drinks such as ales, lagers stout. Beer gets it’s name from Anglo Saxon Word called â€Å"Beer† meaning â€Å"BARLEY†. Beer is the national alconolic beverage of Great Britain. Although the basic traditional method of brewing beer is still being used now the whole production process is controlled by the programme equipment so that each phase is carried out at the exact time required and can be corrected if necessary. By this centralised control, consistency of the brew from batch to batch is better.

An American Myth Exploded in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Essay

An American Myth Exploded in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman is a demonstration of the affliction with which America has been stricken. It is an affliction of false idealism, but also a birthing of the consumer. It is this consumer society which is the affliction, and the characters of this drama are unable to cure themselves of it. Willy Loman is the manifestation of the consumerism which is destroying society. He is the corporeal manifestation of this myth, and the American dream is the myth itself. This myth can be broken down into several parts itself. First is the belief that situations, commodities, etc. improve with time, which is a technological misconception. Second is the understanding that hard work is necessary to bring about this sort of improvement. And third, the coming together of these amounts to the belief that commodities brought about by hard work will help in the betterment of our lives, and that this never ending accumulation of wealth will generate a truly happy life. From the beginning it is made clear that Willy lives in anything but the present. He is either flashing back to the past and how good things once were, or he is looking towards the future and deluding himself in how good things will someday be. This is an example of how Willy embodies the first part of the American myth, being the belief that things will always continue to get better. Linda says repeatedly of Willy â€Å"how sweet he was as soon as you talked hopefully,† to Biff (48). Her noticing of how hope is a recurring theme, like a narcotic for Willy, which always raises his spirits, is demonstrative of how Willy fits into the American myth. When Biff and Happy proclaim that they wil... ...the increasing improvement of technologies and our continuing efforts to work towards accumulating those commodities will be rewarded in a completely affluent, and therefore happy, state of being. The misunderstanding of our situation as being always increasingly good on account of making our material lives bigger, better, and in greater availability is the very undoing of the fabric of our lives. Arthur Miller is effectively able to illustrate how this American myth is a depraving force in the lives of Americans in his drama Death of a Salesman. His illustration of these destructive beliefs is made real in the actions and thoughts of Willy Loman and his family, and it is a message which should make us question our own existence in that it is not so far removed from this portrayal. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin, 1998.

Care Plan- Dehydration- Nursing

A 5 year old girl Jenny has presented to the Emergency Department with her mother, she is suffering from a variety of symptoms including wheezing and vomiting, a dry mouth, and a temperature of 39. 7 degrees Celsius. Vomiting is when the person is excreting all food from there stomach via the mouth using forces from the oesophagus and stomach (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007). The rationale for choosing this symptom is that vomiting is a clear sign that the body is trying to get rid of a pathogen, with a large amount of vomiting the body is losing valuable nutrition and electrolytes, and will fail to function properly (Britt, 2007). If left untreated vomiting can cause children to lose a lot of fluids and become dehydrated (Van Rensburg, 2009). Dry mouth is known as Xerostomia it is a common problem, and is usually caused by systematic disease and decreased salivary flow, Dry mouth can be a sign of Dehydration (Turner & Ship, 2007). The rational for choosing dry mouth is important as it represents fluid depletion in the body, without this fluid the cells cannot function properly; it needs to be treated, to ensure fluid levels are raised. A temperature of 39. 7 is the body’s internal area rising, due to the body trying to fight of an infection. The rational for choosing this symptom is that the temperature needs to be back in normal ranges for the body to carry out normal functions, a temperature of 39. 7 puts the body in shock and can cause things such as fainting, low blood pressure and even seizures (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). The Pathophysiology of Vomiting is induced by the stomach muscles pushing bolos of food from the stomach to the oesophagus. When the stomach becomes full with gastric material, the muscles of the abdomen and the diaphragm contract (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). The oesophageal sphincter then opens and all the contents are removed from the mouth. An area in the brain called the postrema which is found in the fourth ventricle is thought to stimulate chemoreceptors which induce vomiting (Van Rensburg, 2009). The Vagus cranial nerve becomes active when the pharynx is disturbed, this causes a gag reflex; this can then lead to the stomach wanting to remove all of its contents, or can occur after a vomiting episode. The Sympathetic nervous system is also used when vomiting occurs as the body naturally begins to sweat and heart rate will rise (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). Salivary glands will work overtime to produce more saliva to help protect the enamel on teeth. Retching can occur when a person is vomiting. When the intrathoracic muscles contract rapidly without notice, the food is trying to escape is pushed up, if the glottis is not completely closed this will push the air through and cause a disturbing sound which is known as retching(McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). This sound alone can trigger vomiting as it helps the body to build up enough pressure to be able to remove all the contents of the stomach in one go. The pathophysiolgy of Dry mouth occurs when the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands stop producing enough salvia within the mouth, a variety of medications can cause this too occur, along with Sjoren's Syndrome and old age (Turner & Ship, 2007). When a dry mouth occurs the mucosa is stimulated and this signals the salivary responses in the medulla. The efferent nerve releases acetylcholine in the salivary gland terminals which trigger the release and flow of saliva (Turner & Ship, 2007). If left untreated dry mouth can cause a lot of problems with tooth decay as the teeth have no protection from food and debris (Strube, 1994). The pathophisolgy of a high temperature or fever in a child is a problem in itself, it shows that the body is under a lot of pressure to fight of a pathogen (Cohee, Crocetti, Serwin, Sabath & Kapoor, 2010), the body can have various amounts of temperatures changes throughout a day, this is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre which is located in the anterior hypothalamus within the body. The thermostat is set at a normal temperature usually of 37. (Crisp and Taylor, 2007), when this is risen the body will naturally try and get it back down to the normal temperature, usually by sweating or shivering (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). The brain stem and thermoregulatory mechanisms adjust to the change in heat production, this can occur during a fever. A Fever begins when a pyrogen, which is a substance that causes a fever, when the hypothalamus notices a change in the core body temperature vasoconstriction will occur which reduces heat loss throughout the skin and will cause the person to feel cold (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). Shivering will then occurs and the movement produces energy, this is why when a child has a fever they often feel hot and cold flushes (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). Vomiting will have a major psychological effect on the client because they cannot socialise with friends or leave the house for long periods of time. They tend not to eat or drink as they think they will be sick, this can lead to malnutrition and anorexia (Davis, Lake-Bakaar, & Grahame-Smith, 2003). Vomiting can cause tooth decay in the client, due to the production of stomach acid in the mouth. This can cause people to lose self confidence in their appearance (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). When you vomit the sympathetic nervous system is activated and you begin to sweat, this can also be embarrassing side effect. Dry Mouth causes many psychological effects for an individual because with a dry mouth you find it hard to talk as the tongue does not move easily (Turner & Ship, 2007). The individual would not eat out very often as they find it hard to chew and swallow food; this causes them to take longer when eating. Dry mouth is usually associated with cracked and dry lips this can cause the client to become embarrassed about their looks (Turner & Ship, 2007). Dry mouth can cause bad breath as there isn’t any saliva to remove food and debris from the teeth and tongue (Turner & Ship, 2007); this prevents the individual from socialising which can cause a loss in social skills. Bad breathe can also make the person feel embarrassed and lose intimacy with their partner; this can then cause relationship problems and breakdown. Having a fever can cause many physiological problems for a person; they do not have any energy to do normal everyday activities, such as socialising, sport, even to get out of bed (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007). The individual often will have hot and cold flushes this causes then to become uncomfortable when being out in public (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2008). When you have a fever the individual is often sweating, and becomes very pale, this can also lead to embarrassment when in public (Strube, 1994). Vomiting can also have environment effects on the individual, as they cannot attend work due to being ill, this causes the individual to lose money, if the individual has children they need to be cared for, and there can then be extra costs that occur from extra babysitting or day-care duties. Vomiting can cause a person to become distressed as they can’t leave the house or look after their children (Davis, Lake-Bakaar, & Grahame-Smith, 2003). Dry mouth can have environmental effects on an individual as they become embarrassed about the smell of their breath, this can prevent the person from working, which will cause lose of income. Bad breathe can cause relationship problems as the partner is embarrassed to be intimate towards there partner. Fever can have environmental effects on an individual as they needs regular care to check temperature and record change, this care may need to be provided by a family member or friend, this can then lead to loss of income for that person. If the person is needed to be taken to the doctor, then that is also an extra expense. The house needs to be kept_ cool with fans or air conditioning; this can cause other family members to become cold.

Summary of Acheiving Stop Tb Partnership Goals

Summary of â€Å"Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals† The ultimate destruction of TB depends on the identification and treatment of all TB cases. Driving social factors such as poverty, immunosuppression, smoking, diabetes and poor health services make eradicating the current TB pandemic crucial in trying to control the epidemic. Current research has been focusing on early detection, treatment, and vaccination. The STOP TB Partnership was formed in May of 2000 by the World Health Assembly in efforts to reduce the number of people being infected by TB.However, â€Å"In 2006, the TB pandemic continued to kill 2 million people annually and was growing by 1% each year, despite the World Health Organization also known as WHO having declared it a ‘Global Emergency’ over a decade earlier. † The United Nations has even stated that the goal is to cut the number of TB deaths in half by the year 2015. This is a goal not so easily achieved considering the fact that an estimated 2 billion people are latently infected with tuberculosis worldwide. (Kupferschmidt 1) Tuberculosis is caused from a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. uberculosis is an obligate aerobe that grows in tissues with a high oxygenated content, such as the lungs. It is a slow growing bacteria that takes anywhere from 12 to 20 hours to generate. The cells are hydrophobic and have high lipid content in the cell wall and tend to clump together. TB is an airborne disease that is spread from person to person by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. Tuberculosis is diagnosed by a simple skin test that if positive will show a reaction to a small quantity of tuberculosis antigens. A positive confirmation can be made by a chest X-ray, and a microscopic examination of a sputum sample.A new significant development in TB diagnosis has been found in Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The Xpert MTB/RIF is made to detect DNA sequences specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by polymerase chain reactions. The MTB/RIF test purifies concentrates and identifies targeted nucleic acid sequences in M. tuberculosis genomes which can take about 90 minutes to complete. MTB/RIF assay has met some of the minimum requirements of the governing groups, such as being easily administered by a low skilled technicians and operating in different temperatures with minimal requirement from the test operator.There has also been price reduction availability for countries with the pandemic. (Zumla 819) While MTB/RIF assay seemed to be the miracle answer for TB testing, it still falls short of the requirements set forth by the STOP TB Partnership. For example, the shelf life is half the expected 2 years, high cost of the machine and cartridges to run it and constant electricity make it difficult for key areas. Safe recycling of large amounts of cartridges also remains an environmental concern being that sputum and positive buffers are present in the used cartridges. (Zumla 822 )There are 11 new TB drugs on the horizon. Hopefully, by 2015 at least 2 of them will be released for public consumption. The current drug-susceptible TB treatment is the medication called Isoniazid or INH. INH is available worldwide, is relatively inexpensive and is generally well tolerated. INH is used to for latent tuberculosis infection to help kill the dormant bacteria and to reduce the risk of the infection becoming active tuberculosis later in life. This medication is taken for 6-9 months; where as the new drugs that are still in clinical trials would shorten this to 4 months.However, these unfortunately are not available yet. What are really needed to eradicate this disease are TB vaccines. The present TB Vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG, is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis which was introduced in 1922. It is used primarily in children in countries outside the US. Not all administered BCG vaccines have been effective either, only helping with severe childh ood versions of TB (ex: disseminated and meningeal). As of 2011, at least 6 TB vaccine candidates were in preclinical trials, with 21 additional next generation candidates in the vaccine discovery phase.A more effective tool for the United States would be a post infection vaccine, due to the vast majority of cases being remote infections. This would nearly eradicate TB in the US. But, one has currently not been created. (Zumla 823) TB has plagued the human race for decades, only improving when social, economical, and general living conditions were bettered. Recent research continues to look for vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. However, no new trial based vaccine has been introduced since BCG in the 1950’s.The STOP TB Partnership’s goal of lessening the yearly cases of infection by one million is admirable, but so much more needs to be done to control the spread of infection. More people need to be tested and become aware of what a huge problem it currently still is. People know about the disease but many people are not educated about the disease and what the symptoms are until it is too late and have probably already spread it to other people. Despite the years of effort that has been dedicated to TB research, the end still seems to be decades away. Works Cited Alimuddin Zumla, et al. Achieving STOP TB Partnership Goals: Perspectives On Development Of New Diagnostics, Drugs And Vaccines For Tuberculosis. † Tropical Medicine & International Health 16. 7 (2011): 819-827. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Alimuddin Zumla, et al. â€Å"Immunological Biomarkers Of Tuberculosis. † Nature Reviews. Immunology 11. 5 (2011): 343-354. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. Kupferschmidt, Kai. â€Å"Taking A New Shot At A TB Vaccine. † Science 334. 6062 (2011): 1488. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Tuberculosis† Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, 13 Mar. 2012 Web

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay I observed a 4 twelvemonth old preschool category during playday in Staten Island. New York. The category consisted of eight kids. and one certified preschool instructor. There were 4 male childs and 4 misss in the category. During my 60 minute observation I noticed several cases of dramatic drama. peer relationships. relationships with grownups. and self-denial. Dramatic Play During my observation. I witnessed a group of two- one male child and one girl-playing house. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) kids frequently use playing house as an chance to research world and their societal functions based on grownup behaviour. The two kids that I observed explored world and their societal functions as they pretended to eat dinner together as household. The brace even took it a measure farther as they included doll babes to play as their kids. As the kids played house. the miss cooked dinner and the male child sat at the tabular array waiting for dinner to be ready. As the male child waited for dinner to be ready. he got up. walked around as if he was looking for something and came back with two babe dolls and told the miss. here they can sit following to you . The male child had assigned the miss a sensed female function. to be the female parent and attention for the babe. While the miss had assigned herself a female function. to cook for the male. Therefore. the male child was automatically assigned a sensed male function. to wait for the female to complete cookery so he could eat. The pair’s dramatic drama demonstrates how kids begin to understand standard gender functions and play consequently during early childhood ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . This drama interaction was non gender segregated. This non-gender segregated drama is a good illustration of how kids play based on their gender. Although. many immature kids prefer to play with same sex couples. I believe this was non the instance because the brace felt playing house required a female and male to suit the right gender functions. I besides believe that mass media plays a strong function in the manner preschool kids play in their sensed gender functions. Harmonizing to Kirkorian. Wartella and Anderson ( 2008 ) . by preschool age kids are active telecasting viewing audiences. Therefore. if kids watch shows that are based on household life. such as Modern Family. they will detect a strong presence of adult females in the kitchen and lovingness for kids. and theoretical account similar behaviours. Relationships with Adults During my observation there was small interaction with the instructor. Children seemed to prefer to play with their equals. One teacher-student interaction I observed was a backdown relationship. The instructor tried to prosecute the brace of kindergartners playing house. However. her battle was unsuccessful. The instructor walked over to the pair’s drama station and asked about the babies’ names. The brace answered the instructor but did non prosecute other than replying the inquiry. During the clip the instructor was oppugning the brace. the miss got up from the drama dinner tabular array and walked over to play with another group. a group of misss. This illustration supports Garvey ( 1990 ) and Harper and McCluskey ( 2003 ) statement that the attending of an grownup or instructor may impede children’s peer interactions. The girl’s reaction to the instructor interrupting her drama scenario was backdown. Another teacher-student interaction I observed was a friendly interaction. The instructor engaged a male child who was with trucks in drama. During this interaction. the male child was playing entirely with autos and trucks. The instructor asked if she could play with him. and he agreed. The instructor and pupil so played with autos and trucks in a friendly mode. This is normal as there is a inclination for instructors to pass more clip with kids who are less societal than more societal kids ( Harper and McCluskey. 2003 ) . The male child in this instance could be perceived as less societal than others as he played entirely the full hr. During my observation I did non see attachment-seeking behaviour from the kids towards the grownups. However. I did hold the opportunity to detect one preschool miss dropped off by her female parent prior to my observation. The preschool girl’s behaviour was crabbed and aggressive. The miss cried and kicked while the female parent signed the miss in. The ma tried to comfort the miss. but looked like she needed comforting herself. By and large. separation from female parents can be nerve-racking for kids. nevertheless. separation from kids can besides be nerve-racking for female parents ( Balaban et al. . 2002 ) . Peer Relationship One equal relationship I observed consisted of three misss playing dress-up. Unlike the old brace that was non gender segregated. this group of misss was gender segregated. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) in early childhood. kids make friends with other kids of the same gender and age. As these misss engaged in dramatic drama they were really nice to each other. They played with each other’s hair. did each other’s makeup. and referred to each other as my best friend . After the Forth miss in the category finished playing house with the male child. she approached the three misss and asked if she could play with them. The three misss took the Forth misss play induction as a struggle. The three misss so teamed up and said no manner. you’re non our friend to the 4th miss in the category. Young kids frequently use the term friend and playfellow interchangeable. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) . immature kids see the definition of a friend as person you play with. Therefore. when the 4th miss asked to play with the three misss she was excluded because she played with the male child and was the boy’s friend and non the three girl’s friend. Self-denial During my observation. I witness one case of aggression. One miss was constructing a princess castle with edifice blocks and a male child came by and kicked over the palace. The miss instantly got up and pushed the male child and the male child pushed the miss back. The male child or miss did non demo any self-regulation as they engaged in a battle. Besides. there was no helpful or empathetic prosocial behaviour. as the children’s actions did non forestall negative urges. In this case of self-control or deficiency of self-denial. the male child and the miss exhibited both instrumental aggression. contending over playthings and physical aggression. physical force against person. However. these signifier of aggression is normal for preschool aged kids as aggression additions during early childhood old ages ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . Fortunately. aggressive behaviours usually deteriorate by the terminal of early childhood as kids learn to better pass on their demands ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . My preschool observation was a enjoyable experience. I was able to watch eight happy kids play. battle. laugh. and gag with each other. My observation was besides an educational experience as I was able to use theories learned in category to existent life state of affairss. Overall. my observation experience was both gratifying and educational. Mentions Balaban. N. . Brodkin. A. M. . David. J. . Drucker. J. . Feder-Feitel. L. . A ; Greenberg. P. ( 2002 ) . A Great Start To School. Scholastic Parent A ; Child. 10 ( 1 ) . 40-45. Harper. Lawrence V A ; McCluskey. Karen S. ( 2003 ) . Teacher-child and child-child interactions in inclusive preschool scenes: Do grownups suppress peer interactions? Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 18. 163-184. doi:10. 1016/S0885-2006 % 2803 % 2900025-5 Hutchison. E. ( 2011 ) . Early Childhood. In Dimensions of human behaviour: The Changing Life Course ( 4th ed. ) . Los Angeles: Sage. Kirkorian. H. . Wartella. E. . A ; Anderson. D. ( 2008 ) . Media And Young Children’s Learning. The Future of Children. 18 ( 1 ) . 39-61. Garvery. C. ( 1990 ) . Play. Cambridge. Ma: Harvard University Press.

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time

How Index Fossils Help Define Geologic Time Every fossil tells us something about the age of the rock its found in, and index fossils are the ones that tell us the most. Index fossils (also called key fossils or type fossils) are those that are used to define periods of geologic time. Characteristics  of an Index Fossil A good index fossil is one with four characteristics: it is distinctive, widespread, abundant, and limited in geologic time. Because most fossil-bearing rocks formed in the ocean, the major index fossils are marine organisms. That being said, certain land organisms are useful in young rocks and specific regions. Boom-And-Bust Organisms Any type of organism can be distinctive, but not so many are widespread. Many important index fossils are of organisms that start life as floating eggs and infant stages, which allowed them to populate the world using ocean currents. The most successful of these became abundant, yet at the same time, they became the most vulnerable to environmental change and extinction. Thus, their time on Earth may have been confined to a short period of time. That boom-and-bust characteristic is what makes the best index fossils. Trilobites, Hard-Shelled Invertebrates Consider trilobites, a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the ocean. Trilobites were a class of animal, just like mammals or reptiles, meaning that the individual species within the class had noticeable differences. Trilobites were constantly evolving new species during their existence, which lasted 270 million years from Middle Cambrian time to the end of the Permian Period, or almost the entire length of the Paleozoic. Because they were mobile animals, they tended to inhabit large, even global areas. They were also hard-shelled invertebrates, so they fossilized easily. These fossils are large enough to study without a microscope. Other index fossils of this type include ammonites, crinoids, rugose corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, and mollusks. The USGS offers a more detailed list of invertebrate fossils (with scientific names only). Small or Microscopic Fossils Other major index fossils are small or microscopic, part of the floating plankton in the world ocean. These are handy because of their small size. They can be found even in small bits of rock, such as wellbore cuttings. Because their tiny bodies rained down all over the ocean, they can be found in all kinds of rocks. Therefore, the petroleum industry has made great use of index microfossils, and geologic time is broken down in quite fine detail by various schemes based on graptolites, fusulinids, diatoms, and radiolarians.   The rocks of the ocean floor are geologically young, as they are constantly subducted and recycled into the Earths mantle. Thus, marine index fossils older than 200 million years are normally found in sedimentary strata on land in areas that were once covered by seas.   Terrestrial Rocks For terrestrial rocks, which form on land, regional or continental index fossils may include small rodents that evolve quickly, as well as larger animals that have wide geographic ranges. These form the basis of provincial time divisions.   Defining Ages, Epochs, Periods, and Eras Index fossils are used in the formal architecture of geologic time for defining the ages, epochs, periods, and eras of the geologic time scale. Some of the boundaries of these subdivisions are defined by mass extinction events, like the Permian-Triassic extinction. The evidence for these events is found in the fossil record wherever there is a disappearance of major groups of species within a geologically short amount of time.   Related fossil types include the characteristic fossil, a fossil that belongs to a period but doesnt define it, and the guide fossil, one that helps narrow down a time range rather than nail it down.

Chemiluminiscence Experiment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemiluminiscence Experiment - Lab Report Example This undertaking involves the use of dissimilar concentrations of luminol and at varied temperatures (Roda 51). The experiment requires various chemicals and apparatus in order to become successful. About 25 ml of chlorine in liquid for will be useful as an oxidizing agent (Roda 53). Quantities of water of half liter will be desirable in the process together with 0.12 grams of luminol. Beakers will be in use for putting the reagents of the experiment. A beam balance will perform various measurements, which are suitable, for this experiment (Roda 53). An ice bath and a thermometer for aiding temperature measurements are fundamental. Other materials will involve a funnel plus a plastic tube. The procedure for the experiment involves measuring 0.12 grams of luminol by using a beam balance and mixing the mass with 250 Ml of water in distilled form (Roda 53). The action results in a solution of luminol. While measuring the luminol substance, a minimum of three measurements are significant for providing accurate measurements. This is possible by conducting about three measurements and finding the differences in mass. There should be a consideration of the mass of the paper that will contain the luminol substance in order to maintain accuracy (Roda 55). Maintaining accurate measurements is critical in reducing errors in experiments or deviation from the expected results. The next step will involve production of the bleach contents. It entails performing a mix of 25 ml of chlorine bleach in liquid form and about 225 ml of water in distilled form. The bleach and the luminol solutions are cool in an ice bath and the temperatures put in the record. The recording is for both solutions put in separate containers (Roda 55). Darkening the room will ensure efficiency in performing observations, especially, the amount of light seen when the two solutions come in contact. A funnel linked with the plastic tube will be present to